摘要:
北京石花洞是中国北方已探明洞穴中次生碳酸盐沉积规模最大、种类最丰富的洞穴;石花洞的景观美学价值和科学价值,在我国北方岩溶洞穴中占有重要地位。2013年7月,为了获取石花洞发育规模、空间结构等基本数据,采用国际通用洞穴测量方法,运用激光测距仪、罗盘和倾角仪,辅以 Onstation 洞穴绘图软件和 ArcMap10软件对石花洞洞穴开展了全面的调查和测绘。结果显示:(1)石花洞洞穴系统整体呈北西西-南东东向展布,长度为5639 m,洞底投影面积为37096 m2,洞底高差为172 m,洞内最高点海拔约为265 m,最低点海拔约为93 m。洞穴系统的发育演化主要受地层产状与北东向和北西向两组断层控制;(2)石花洞洞穴系统分为五层,自上而下,各层洞道平均海拔依次为249 m,211 m,154 m,11 1 m 和95 m;(3)最底第五层季节性地下河洞道长1638 m,自西北向东南方向贯穿整个洞穴系统,依干湿季水文条件的差别,地下水以季节性涨落为主要特征,有多段有水通道;地下河道下游末端为叉状河道,崩塌明显,洞壁上无明显流纹发育;(4)综合石花洞地下河走向和流向、洞穴发育控制因素和区域地层产状特征、石花洞与周边洞穴的空间位置关系,推测孔水洞是石花洞洪水期的排泄口。
关键词:
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石花洞
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地下河
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洞穴分层
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洞穴发育
Abstract:
Of the known karst caves in northern China,the Shihua Cave in Beijing has the greatest scale and most kinds of secondary carbonate sediments.It is one of the most important caves in northern China in terms of its landscape sightseeing and scientific values.To determine its size and structure,a complete inves-tigation including survey was conducted in July 2013.This work followed international survey standards and used various instruments including Leica laser rangefinders and Sunnto compasses and clinometers,in con-junction with Onstation and ArcMap 10 software.The results show that the Shihua Cave extends from NWW to SEE along the strike of the Ordovician limestone,indicating that the cave development is primarily controlled by strata.NE and NW-striking faults have influenced cave development to a less extent.The cave has a total length of 5,639 m and a floor projection area of 37,096 m2 .In the vertical direction,the highest and lowest positions within the cave are 14 m above and 158 m below the entrance,respectively.The cave system consists of five levels of passages,of which the elevation is 249 m,21 1 m,154 m,1 1 1 m and 95 m a-bove sea level,respectively.Each level indicates a period of stable local base level,suggesting that this cave experienced five stages of development.The lowest level of it has a 1,638 m passage,which is characterized by seasonal water flow with three windows into a perennially inundated phreatic level.The seasonal under-ground river flows southeastward during the summer flood season.The downstream passage forks,one branch terminating in a sump pool while the other consists of chambers with a large amount of breakdown, implying the end of the underground river.The underground river may connect the Shihua Cave with Silver Fox cave to the northwest and the Kongshui Cave to the southeast.Exploration of nearby caves and tracer tests should be conducted to verify this connection in the future.
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