Green energy and its high-efficiency utilization model of surface karst springs in karst plateau mountainous area
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摘要:
为解决岩溶高原山区缺水的问题，合理开发利用表层岩溶水，开展了水文地质详细调查。查明区内表层岩溶泉出露13个，流量0~67.53 L·s−1，动态变化与降水关系密切。文章总结了表层岩溶水“泉－池（窖）－库”优化调控、绿能高效开发利用模式：①在有砂泥岩夹层分布的凹部山岩溶洼地，采用防渗帷幕灌浆，建设悬挂式凹部山水库，积蓄地表水、表层岩溶水形成自流供水；②在湾半孔表层泉处建设蓄水池直接引流利用；③在湾半孔表层泉附近建设水泵站、光伏电站，平水期时通过光伏电站发电，由泵站自动控制抽取表层岩溶水补给凹部山水库，形成地表、地下水优化调控，联合调度调蓄利用25.3万m3·a−1,解决了区内13 000余人的生活生产用水困难问题。
Abstract:To solve the problem of water shortage in karst plateau mountainous area, this study on the model of development and utilization of surface karst water is conducted. The karst mountainous area in east border of Luxi basin isa typical cluster-peak depression region with an average altitude from 2,100-2,300 m. Depressions and sinkholes are developed there. Outcrops in this area are mailnly composed of limestone and dolomite in sections a, c, d and e of Gejiu formation (T2g), and partially composed of T2g b mudstone, calcareous mudstone, stacked siltstone with marlstone and limestone. The area is generally a monoclinal structure. Detailed hydrogeology research shows that there are 13 exposed epikarst springs with the flow of 0-67.53 L·s−1 due to precipitation. The water leakage in this area is fast, and drought and water shortage are very severe. Thus, surface karst water becomes a very valuable natural resource. This article summarizes a green, high-efficient method of development and utilization of surface karst water as "spring-pool(cellar)-reservoir" optimal management model. In karst concave depression area with siltstone, the grouting with anti-seepage curtain was conducted at the grouting depth of 1.9-16.3 m. An earth dam was built at an anti-seepage foundation and a reservoir with a total storage of 140,000 m3 was constructed to reserve surface water and surface karst water to supply the downstream villages. Below the nozzles of epikarst springs with large flows in Wanbankong depression area, two 1,500-square-meterstorage ponds were built to connect the current water supply network for downstream villages. This model of development and utilization of surface karst water is called "spring-pond-cellar" linkage model with an exploitation quantity of around 73,000 m3·a−1. The distance between Aobushan Reservoir and Wanbankong epikarst spring is around 4 km and the reservoir is around 100 m higher than the Wanbankong spring. The flow of the Wanbankong epikarst spring is quite big but very unstable and cannot be reserved. Most of the water in rain season (around 493,700 m3·a−1 accounting for 81.4% of the annual volume) enters to the underground through sinkhole and cannot be utilized. To make the most of reservoir regulation function from surface karst water against rainfall, a pump station and a photovoltaic power plant have been bulit near the Wanbankong epikarst spring. In the rainy season-water stable period with large flows, electric power is generated from the photovoltaic power plant and the pump station will draw surface karst water (around 40,000 m3·a−1) to the upstream Aobushan reservoir. Thus, the reservoir capacity increases from 140,000 m3 to 180,000 m3 under the condition that the reservoir cannot be expanded. In this case, the water supply capacity will increase in dry season. The surface water and underground water are regulated optimally and the total volume of surface spring water and surface water is up to 253,000 m3·a−1. This model may solve the problem of over 13,000 people’s domestic and production water demand, as well as the water demand from seedling over 10,000 Mu in the dry season.
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Key words:
- fault basin /
- karst area /
- surface karst water /
- utilization model /
- karst spring /
- Luxi in Yunnan
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表 1 湾半孔表层岩溶泉流量动态特征表（2004年）
Table 1. Dynamic characteristics of discharge of discharge of surface karst springs in Wanbankong（2004）
编号 最小流量/L·s−1 最大流量/L·s−1 动态系数 箐门124 0 3.06 会断流 湾半孔125 0 30 断流但不干涸 湾半孔126 0 20 会断流 湾半孔127 0.4 24.86 62.2 湾半孔128 0 67.53 会断流 凹部山6 0.45 5.62 12.5 李子箐110 0.04 0.11 2.8 李子箐111 0 2 会断流 李子箐109 0.2 10 50 
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