Nutrient characteristics and differences of forest soil in rocky desertification areas of Southwest China
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摘要:
文章采用文献检索法收集20世纪90年代以来石漠化区植被修复和土壤研究相关论文，以全国二次土壤普查养分分级标准为基础，探讨林下土壤养分改良情况及土壤化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）中国西南石漠化区林下土壤总有机碳、全氮均值均高于全国二次土壤普查养分一等级，全磷处于二级范围，土壤养分改善效果明显，而全钾含量属于五级低钾区；（2）广西壮族自治区总有机碳和全氮均值为五省（区、市）第一，全磷和全钾位于二等级和四等级，土壤养分含量增加最明显；贵州省总有机碳、全氮高于一等级34%和37%，全磷值在二等级范围，全钾值位于第五等级，贵州省石漠化林下土壤养分改良明显；云南省总有机碳、全磷指标分别高于一等级9%、21%，全氮属于二等级，全钾属于五等级，土壤养分指标有不同程度提高；重庆市总有机碳高于一等级1.75%，全氮和全磷属于二等级，全钾为五省中最高且属于四级，土壤养分指标改良较其他三省慢；湖南省总有机碳指标为二等级，全氮、全磷、全钾值分别属于二等级、五等级、五等级，湖南省需加强石漠化治理的力度；（3）西南石漠化区土壤总有机碳和全氮指标呈正相关，植被生长亦受钾元素限制。其中，广西壮族自治区总有机碳、全氮和全磷存储快，土壤改良效益极其显著；贵州省土壤固碳能力高于全国平均值；云南省石漠化地区土壤钾元素偏低，影响植被生长；重庆市土壤中全钾含量高与总有机碳、全氮、全磷关系不大，氮元素成为限制植物生长的元素；湖南省植被生长需补充磷、钾元素。西南石漠化区植被生长应充分补充钾元素，除此之外，湖南、重庆需加强磷、氮元素的补充；云南、湖南、重庆应借鉴广西壮族自治区生态修复经验，加强石漠化生态治理并发挥效益。
Abstract:In this study, papers related to vegetation restoration and soil in rocky desertification area since 1990s have been retrieved. Based on nutrient grading standards of two national soil censuses, the soil nutrient improvement and soil stoichiometry characteristics have been explored, which can provide theoretical foundation for the ecological restoration effect and model screening of rocky desertification. Results are shown as follows, (1) The mean values of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the forest soil of rocky desertification areas of Southwest China are higher than those of Grade Ⅰ of two national soil censuses. Total phosphorus (TP) falls into Grade Ⅱ, with obvious soil nutrient improvement, while the total potassium (TK) concentration falls into the GradeⅤ of the low potassium area. (2) According to the soil censuses, TOC and TN rank top among the five provinces/regions/cities, and TP and TK fall into Grade Ⅱ and Grade Ⅳ, respectively in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which can show the most significant increase in soil nutrient concentration. In Guizhou Province, TOC and TN are higher than those of grade Ⅰ by 34% and 37%, respectively, and TP falls into Grade Ⅱ and TK Grade Ⅴ, reflecting obvious nutrient improvement of forest soil in rocky desertification areas of this province. In Yunnan Province, TOC and TP are higher than those of Grade I by 9% and 21% respectively. TN falls into Grade II and TK Grade V. These indexes show that soil nutrients has been improved to different degrees. TOC in Chongqing City is higher than that of Grade I by 1.75%. Both TN and TP fall into Grade Ⅱ. TK, ranking top among the five provinces/regions/cities, falls into Grade IV, showing less improvement compared with that of the other three provinces. In Hunan Province, TOC, TN, TP and TK fall into Grades Ⅱ, Ⅱ, Ⅴ, and Ⅴ respectively, suggesting that Hunan Province should focus on controlling rocky desertification. (3) Indicators of TOC and TN in the soil of rocky desertification areas in Southwest China are positively correlated, and the growth of vegetation is limited by potassium. TOC, TN and TP are stored quickly in Guangxi with significant soil improvement. The soil carbon sequestration capacity of Guizhou Province is higher than that of national average. In rocky desertification areas of Yunnan Province, low TK has posed a bad effect on vegetation growth. The high concentration of TK in Chongqing is not related to TOC, TN, and TP, but nitrogen limits the growth of plants. Phosphorus and potassium elements should be supplemented in growing vegetation in Hunan Province. In conclusion, potassium should be supplemented in growing pants in rocky desertification areas of Southwest China. In addition, phosphorus and nitrogen should be supplemented in Hunan Province and Chongqing City. To strengthen the ecological management of rocky desertification and bring the management into full play, Yunnan, Hunan and Chongqing should learn the experience of ecological restoration from Guangxi.
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表 1 西南石漠化植被修复下土壤TOC、TN、TP、TK指标情况
Table 1. Concentration of soil TOC, TN, TP and TK under the vegetation restoration of rocky desertification areas in Southwest China
区域 TOC样
本数TOC范围/
g·kg−1TOC平均值/
g·kg−1TN样/
本数TN范围/
g·kg−1TN平均值/
g·kg−1TP样
本数TP范围/
g·kg−1TP平均值/
g·kg−1TK样
本数TK范围/
g·kg−1TK平均值/
g·kg−1贵州 南部 织金县城关镇 3 (29.98~40.76) 36.57 3.00 (1.56~1.79) 1.69 3.00 (0.29~0.45) 0.35 3.00 (1.72~2.11) 1.93 关岭县与贞丰县地带 14 (32.51~64.8) 47.40 14.00 (1.14~5.19) 3.39 14.00 (0.65~1.50) 1.08 14.00 (2.59~11.78) 7.73 紫云 6 （16.79~94.06） 41.37 6.00 (1.07~3.721) 2.01 5.00 （0.62~3.66） 1.47 6.00 (7.68~17.354) 12.19 贵州普定县 13 （5.23~95.80 49.18 14.00 (0.26~4.84) 2.48 14.00 （0.10~1.59） 0.59 9.00 （1.57~19.16） 8.86 荔波县 2 (43.14~50.72) 46.93 2.00 (2.66~2.85) 2.76 2.00 (0.64~0.87) 0.76 2.00 (12.45~15.2) 13.83 茂兰国家自然保护区 3 （54.72~79.33） 67.28 4.00 （3.86~5.77） 4.55 4.00 （0.45~0.73） 0.61 4.00 （8.53~11.25） 10.37 西部 毕节市七星关区
撒拉溪示范区9 (17.69~104.12) 53.96 9.00 (1.41~2.87) 1.68 6.00 (0.33~4.67) 1.31 8.00 (4.38~8.93) 5.80 晴隆县属高原峡谷区 4 （26.39~100.6） 58.03 4.00 (1.76~5.45) 3.53 4.00 (0.63~1.38) 1.03 4.00 (7.21~18.93) 10.27 黔西县 3 (36.45~80.95) 57.05 3.00 (2.25~4.43) 3.20 3.00 (0.67~0.75) 0.70 3.00 (2.85~11.48) 5.85 中部 贵阳市 4 （56.09~92.88） 79.46 4.00 （0.47~4.38） 2.86 6.00 (0.31~0.65) 0.47 4.00 (0.40~19.49) 9.43 东北部 黔东南黄平县 8 (19.46~62.45) 36.36 8.00 (1.16~2.50) 1.64 8.00 (0.13~0.93) 0.53 5.00 (7.63~14.33) 11.51 黔东南地区 4 （43.34~93.90） 69.69 4.00 (2.57~4.09) 3.14 4.00 （0.34~2.85） 1.06 2.00 （3.69~18.70） 11.20 广西 都安县 9 (36.8~131.72) 59.30 9.00 (1.42~6.75) 2.83 9.00 (0.2~1.05) 0.84 9.00 (3.61~8.99) 6.39 环江毛南族自治县 45 （9.87~151.87） 59.56 44.00 （1.31~8.28） 4.15 44.00 （0.23~2.46） 1.08 41.00 (1.75~16.90)
7.33 南宁、桂林、防城港等地 12 (10.97~112.40) 54.08 12.00 (0.92~7.20) 3.98 11.00 (0.31~1.70) 0.97 1.00 16.95 16.95 云南 曲靖 15 （20.81~125.88） 64.83 16.00 （0.95~7.13） 4.11 16.00 （0.31~2.25） 1.02 16.00 （0.52~14.33） 8.79 石林 9 (14.09~21.99) 18.50 9.00 (0.74~2.49) 1.31 9.00 （1.70~1.89） 1.82 9.00 (1.38~2.14) 1.75 文山 22 (11.67~129.7) 47.48 21.00 （0.29~6.18） 2.70 22.00 (0.03~2.50) 0.80 19.00 (0.21~15.00) 11.09 重庆 南川、北碚、黔江、巫溪等
典型石漠化地区22 （10.36~115.81） 40.70 21.00 （0.40~3.64） 1.97 20.00 （0.30~1.17） 0.71 20.00 （0.91~36.36） 13.44 湖南 湘中、湘南等典型石漠化地区 25 （8.09~85.04） 36.00 22.00 （0.92~2.64） 1.76 24.00 （0.18~0.88） 0.37 21.00 （1.91~15.4） 5.86 全国总计 232 （5.23~151.87） 46.31 229 （0.26~8.28） 2.56 228 （0.03~4.64） 0.82 200 （0.21~36.36） 9.16 
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表 2 不同省(区、市)植被修复石漠化土壤养分指标含量(PK-S>0.05表示呈正态分布)
Table 2. Soil nutrient indicators under the vegetation restoration in the rocky desertification areas of different province/regions/cities (Pk-S>0.05 indicates normal distribution)
区域 TOC TN TP TK 样点
数分区
类型集中
区间PK-S 样点
数分区
类型集中
区间PK-S 样点
数分区
类型集中
区间PK-S 样点
数分区
类型集中
区间PK-S 贵州 73 正态分布 40~60 0.078 75 正态分布 1~2 0.136 73 正态分布 0.4~0.8 0.107 64 正态分布 7.5~12.5 0.081 广西 66 正态分布 40~80 0.078 65 正态分布 1.5~2.5 0.146 64 正态分布 0.8~1.2 0.129 51 正态分布 2.5~7.50 0.113 云南 46 正态分布 20~60 0.100 46 正态分布 1.5~2 0.141 47 正态分布 0.6~0.8 0.182 44 正态分布 10~15 0.289 重庆 22 正态分布 20~40 0.169 21 正态分布 1.5~2.0 0.138 20 正态分布 0.2~1.0 0.120 20 正态分布 7.5~17.5 0.145 湖南 25 正态分布 10~30 0.232 22 正态分布 1.5~2.0 0.181 24 正态分布 0.2~0.4 0.176 21 正态分布 2.5~5.0 0.264
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表 3 西南石漠化区土壤化学计量特征比
Table 3. Ratio of soil stoichiometry in rocky desertification areas of Southwest China
名称 C∶N C∶P C∶K N∶P N∶K P∶K 贵州 23.20 83.49 10.17 4.36 0.42 0.17 广西 16.20 65.83 11.81 4.64 0.71 0.19 云南 19.47 85.98 13.91 3.97 0.93 0.37 重庆 21.27 61.26 4.82 3.16 0.27 0.12 湖南 17.18 106.29 7.62 5.72 0.47 0.10 全国 19.46 80.57 9.67 4.37 0.56 0.19
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