Characteristics and influencing factors of heavy metal accumulation in soil-crop system in the karst area with high geological background of Chongqing
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摘要:
为了揭示重庆岩溶地质高背景区土壤－农作物系统中重金属的迁移累积特征，选择在重庆市南部典型岩溶区，系统地采集大宗农作物(水稻、玉米和红薯)及其耕层土壤84组，分析测定农作物及耕层土壤中重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)含量及理化性质，采用地统计、生物富集因子及皮尔逊相关系数分析等方法，开展重金属元素在重庆岩溶地质高背景地区土壤−农作物系统中累积特征及影响因素。结果表明，研究区水稻田、玉米地和红薯地耕层土壤重金属平均含量均高于重庆市和全国表层土壤背景值，呈现不同程度的积累，其中Cd元素富集现象较为突出。依据GB 15618-2018和GB 2762-2017，耕层土壤种Cd超标率达41.59%，水稻、玉米和红薯中Cd超标率分别为5.89%、6.25%和5.56%，显示出岩溶地质高背景区虽然土壤中重金属含量总量高，但生物有效性较低。相关分析显示，土壤－农作物系统Cd等重金属含量主要受土壤pH、土壤质地和土壤中铁锰氧化物影响。
Abstract:Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil has been attracted worldwide attention for its negative effects on food safety and soil environmental quality, particularly in developing countries, e.g., China. Numerous studies investigated concentrations of heavy metals in soil in relation to different factors, such as high geological background, agricultural activities, industrial activities, mining and transportation. Generally, two different sources of heavy metal accumulated in soil have been put forward, (i) heavy metals from human activities, such as agricultural production, mining and industrial activities, urban life, and from other pollution, such as sewage irrigation, atmospheric sedimentation and incineration, and landfill of domestic waste, and (ii) heavy metals from geological background primarily due to the high content of heavy metals in the parent material itself, which leads to their accumulation in soils. According to China’s National Survey of Soil Pollution, the soil in the southwestern area of China has been heavily polluted by heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd), and the high geological background is an important factor leading to excessive heavy metals in soil. The heavy metals contained in soil is mainly derived from the primary minerals of rock. In Southwest China, karst areas are widely distributed where trace elements are rich in soil, hence presenting typical characteristics of high geochemical background. Therefore, soil ecological risk has gradually attracted extensive attention. Heavy metals migrate into soil in various forms and then are transported through the food chain, threatening food safety and human health. In order to investigate the effects of heavy metals in soil-crop systems in the karst areas with high geological background of Chongqing, 84 sets of major crops (rice, corn and sweet potato) and the top soil were collected from the south of Chongqing, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn and physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed and determined. Accumulation characteristics and influencing factors of heavy metals in soil and crops were analyzed and determined by geostatistics, bioenrichment factor and pearson correlation coefficient analysis.
Results show that the average values of heavy metals in the top soil of karst area, which present different degree of accumulation, are higher than those of top soil in Chongqing and China. Concentrations of Cd significantly exceed the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land, with the over-standard rate of 41.59%. According to Chinese Food Safety Standard (GB 2762-2017), the contents of As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn in crop samples do not exceed the national food safety standards, and the exceeding rates of Cd in rice, maize and sweet potato are 5.89%, 6.25% and 5.56%, respectively. Meanwhile, the bioenrichment factors of heavy metals in soil-crop system are all smaller than 1, which does not indicate obvious enrichment. This result illustrates that despite high levels of heavy metal elements in the surface soil in the high geological background of karst area, the levels of bioavailable heavy metals that can be absorbed and utilized by crop are low. The pearson correlation coefficient analysis shows that the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil-crop system is mainly affected by soil pH, soil texture and soil Fe and Mn oxides. The migration of heavy metals from soil to crops is inhibited by higher pH, lower SiO2 content and more iron and manganese oxides in soil.
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表 1 土壤元素分析方法与检出限
Table 1. Element analysis method and detection limit of soil
指标 测定方法 检出限/mg·kg−1 指标 测定方法 检出限/mg·kg−1 Al2O3 X射线荧光光谱法 0.05 Se 原子荧光光谱法 0.01 CaO X射线荧光光谱法 0.05 As 原子荧光光谱法 0.2 K2O X射线荧光光谱法 0.05 Hg 原子荧光光谱法 0.000 5 MgO X射线荧光光谱法 0.05 Mn 等离子体光量计法 10 Na2O X射线荧光光谱法 0.1 Cu 等离子体发射光谱法 1 TFe2O3 X射线荧光光谱法 0.05 Ni 等离子体发射光谱法 1 SiO2 X射线荧光光谱法 0.1 Cd 等离子体质谱法 0.02 Cr X射线荧光光谱法 3 pH pH计电极法 0.1 Zn X射线荧光光谱法 1 
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表 2 农作物元素分析方法与检出限
Table 2. Element analysis method and detection limit of crop
指标 测定方法 检出限/mg·kg−1 指标 测定方法 检出限/mg·kg−1 As 等离子体质谱法 0.03 Hg 等离子体质谱法 0.000 5 Cd 等离子体质谱法 0.000 1 Ni 等离子体质谱法 0.2 Cr 等离子体质谱法 0.2 Zn 等离子体光谱法 0.05 Cu 等离子体质谱法 1
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表 3 研究区不同农作物耕层土壤重金属含量特征（mg·kg−1）
Table 3. Concentrations of heavy metals in the top soil of different crops in the study area （mg·kg−1）
耕层土类型 统计值 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Zn pH 水稻耕层土 最小值 3.33 0.10 52.7 15.8 0.03 17.1 46.5 4.51 最大值 22.53 2.45 131.8 88.1 0.25 54.4 149.1 8.72 平均值 9.72 0.54 79.6 34.7 0.11 33.6 96.1 7.03 变异系数 0.51 0.78 0.23 0.35 0.48 0.27 0.24 0.16 玉米耕层土 最小值 3.47 0.07 61.9 20.1 0.04 13.7 51.9 4.90 最大值 26.52 3.78 272.0 120.2 0.68 119.5 180.5 9.20 平均值 11.35 0.52 88.8 38.4 0.12 38.5 101.6 7.18 变异系数 0.43 0.14 0.33 0.32 0.17 0.32 0.56 0.78 红薯耕层土 最小值 3.13 0.11 41.7 14.7 0.04 13.0 45.5 4.88 最大值 20.53 1.14 119.9 86.5 0.33 62.7 179.2 8.20 平均值 11.11 0.48 80.9 35.0 0.12 35.8 98.4 7.16 变异系数 0.41 0.52 0.27 0.45 0.56 0.34 0.30 0.15 研究区耕层土壤平均值 11.53 0.51 84.83 37.62 0.11 36.62 99.99 7.06 重庆表层土壤背景值[14] 6.62 0.28 74.4 24.6 0.069 31.6 81.9 — 中国表层土壤背景值[15] 9.1 0.15 63 23 0.05 26 67 — 广西岩溶地区平均值[17] 26.3 1.004 147 31 0.185 38 130 — 重庆黑色岩系区平均值[18] — 9.16 344 33.2 — 93.9 193 —
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表 4 研究区不同农作物重金属含量特征（mg·kg−1）
Table 4. Concentrations of heavy metals in different crops in the study area（mg·kg−1）
农作物 元素 极小值 极大值 均值 标准差 富集系数 GB 2762-2017 超标率/% 水稻 As 0.05 0.26 0.13 0.05 0.015 0.5 0 Cd 0.01 0.27 0.05 0.06 0.157 0.2 5.88 Cr 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.01 0.002 1 0 Cu 0.60 4.57 2.30 0.91 0.071 — — Hg 0.002 0.008 0.005 0.002 0.051 0.02 0 Ni 0.09 1.40 0.24 0.24 0.008 — — Zn 16.0 31.9 21.1 3.64 0.234 — — 玉米 As 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.004 0.5 0 Cd 0.002 0.30 0.04 0.06 0.125 0.1 6.25 Cr 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.01 0.001 1 0 Cu 1.47 10.09 2.67 1.55 0.080 — — Hg 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.023 0.02 0 Ni 0.12 1.05 0.25 0.18 0.007 — — Zn 15.0 43.5 25.4 6.13 0.270 — — 红薯 As 0.04 0.13 0.09 0.02 0.010 0.5 0 Cd 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.102 0.1 5.56 Cr 0.23 0.41 0.27 0.04 0.004 0.5 0 Cu 4.51 11.99 7.93 2.00 0.255 — — Hg 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.026 0.01 0 Ni 0.29 1.71 0.59 0.40 0.019 — — Zn 7.65 14.6 10.8 2.08 0.120 — —
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表 5 研究区土壤重金属与pH、氧化物含量的Pearson相关系数表(n=113)
Table 5. Pearson correlation of soil heavy metals with pH and oxide contents in the study area (n=113)
元素 pH Na20 MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO Mn TFe2O3 Se As 0.135 −.285** −0.087 0.175 −0.127 −0.209* −0.070 0.290** 0.382** 0.191* Cd 0.162 −0.066 0.086 0.190* −0.305** −0.117 0.117 0.006 0.296** 0.396** Cr 0.219* −0.092 0.140 0.478** −0.427** −0.148 −0.016 0.123 0.671** 0.320** Cu 0.056 −0.055 0.024 0.224* −0.391** −0.158 0.030 0.065 0.743** 0.509** Hg 0.142 −0.189* −0.039 0.159 −0.243** −0.297** 0.121 0.052 0.245** 0.311** Ni 0.128 0.055 0.012 0.602** −0.503** 0.078 −0.021 0.240* 0.775** 0.289** Zn 0.158 0.116 −0.061 0.499** −0.494** 0.258** −0.021 0.303** 0.756** 0.426** **: P<0.01, 在0.01水平上显著相关； *: P<0.05, 在0.05水平上显著相关。
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表 6 研究区Cd富集系数与pH、氧化物含量的Pearson相关系数表
Table 6. Pearson correlation of Cd enrichment coefficient with pH and oxide contents in the study area
农作物 pH Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 K2O CaO Mn TFe2O3 Se 水稻 −0.291 0.026 −0.129 0.062 0.264 0.189 −0.236 −0.258 −0.097 −0.307 玉米 −0.111 −0.138 0.001 −0.139 0.284 −0.039 −0.192 −0.174 −0.153 −0.201 红薯 −0.653** 0.008 −0.280 −0.398 0.659** −0.320 −0.306 −0.553* −0.209 −0.455 **: P<0.01, 在0.01水平上显著相关; *: P<0.05, 在0.05水平上显著相关。
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