Ecological restoration scheme of lake basins on the karst plateau based on natural solution: Take nine lakes on the Yunnan Plateau as example
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摘要:
喀斯特高原湖泊流域由外围向内可分为山区、丘陵区、平坝区和湖泊4个生态地质环境分区。山区主要生态问题是植被退化、生物多样性受损、水土流失、石漠化及地质灾害等；丘陵区主要是植被破坏、山地开垦过度、建材滥采、地貌景观破坏、污染源点多面广、环境地质问题较多等；平坝区主要是国土空间承载量过大、水资源短缺及污染负荷巨大、生态系统破坏严重、工程建筑挤占湿地和损毁植被、自然流场改造强烈、水环境质量差等；湖泊主要是人类活动强度大，农田、村落等严重侵占湖滨缓冲带生态用地，导致生境受损，生物多样性降低，环湖生态屏障功能衰减或丧失，水质污染严重等。根据高原湖泊流域生态地质环境分异特征、水循环及物质传输规律、资源与环境条件，从研究自然演替规律和内在机理出发，分区评价流域生态功能及适宜性，揭示主要生态问题，总结实践经验，探讨基于自然解决方案的思路与原则，构建适应高原湖泊流域资源与环境条件和社会现实的生态修复方案。山区以保护保育提升生态功能为主，丘陵区以人工辅助再生、生态重建提升生态与经济功能为主，平坝区以生态重建和转型利用以消除生态环境隐患、修复生态和恢复土地功能为主，湖泊主要开展水质修复和生态重建等。目前，高原湖泊内完成修复面积593 hm2，基本实现消除地质安全隐患、防治水土流失、恢复植被3大目标任务，稳定和改善云南省九湖流域生态系统功能，提升土地利用价值，维护区域生物多样性。
Abstract:There are 30 lakes with a perennial surface area of more than 1 km2 on the Yunnan Plateau, including the famous "Nine Major Plateau Lakes" such as Dianchi lake, Fuxian lake, Erhai lake and Lugu lake. Since the Holocene, the plateau uplift has gradually stabilized, and plateau lakes generally entered the stage of degradation. Consequently, resources and environmental enduring capacity have decreased, and ecological vulnerability, in turn, has increased. The severe ecological damage of basins and degradation of lake ecology caused by a heavy load of population and economy in lake basins on the plateau have led to the water quality deterioration due to the shortage of water resources and the severe pollution, the decline of ecological services caused by the ecosystem destruction, and the severe restriction of the implementation and sustainability of ecological protection and restoration due to the overload of territorial space. The lakes are all distributed on the plateau and along its edge, therefore, their ecological damage effect is directly transmitted to and affects the water environment of the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and other big rivers through the surface and underground rivers. Therefore, the ecological restoration of the plateau lake basins is of great significance to the regional water environmental and ecological security. Through the systematic investigation and research, we find that mainly developing in karst faulted basins with a complete geomorphic unit for each lake basin is the most important environmental feature of plateau lakes. The karst faulted basin can be divided into four geological zones in terms of ecological environment, mountain area, hilly area, flat land area, and lake area. The ecological and economic functions of the zones are shown as follows, mountain areas are mainly used for the ecological functions such as soil and water conservation, biodiversity protection, etc., and the development of mineral resources and energy; hilly areas are used for ecological barrier establishment, water and soil conservation, water resource regulation and storage, industrial development and leisure tourism; flat land areas are used for urban construction, economic and social development, and the ecological functions such as wetland restoration, wetland reconstruction, and mitigation of man-made and natural hazards. The lake areas have functions of buffer and isolation, biodiversity and habitat protection, water resources regulation and storage, water quality purification, as well as the economic value of aquatic product and tourism. The surface water and groundwater runoffs merge into lakes from high to low. All the adverse environmental effects caused by the ecological damage in the peripheral area are directly transferred to lakes by these runoffs as carriers. Therefore, ecological restoration should be carried out systematically in the basins. The ecological restoration scheme of plateau lakes should adhere to the principle of respecting and adapting to nature.
According to the differential characteristics of ecological and geological environments of the plateau lake basins, the rule of water cycle and mass transport, as well as the conditions of resources and environment, we should conduct the zoning evaluation of ecological function and suitability in drainage basins, reveal the main ecological problems, and summarize experience, based on the succession law and the internal mechanism of nature. Finally, after determining ideas and principles based on natural solutions, we can work out ecological restoration schemes that are adapted to the conditions of resources and environment, and social realities of the plateau lake basins. In general, ecological restoration schemes should be deployed in a coordinated manner throughout the entire basin, targeting at the problems in different areas. The main ecological problems in mountain areas are vegetation degradation, biodiversity damage, soil erosion, rocky desertification and geological disasters. For these issues, ecological restoration should focus on the restoration of natural resources and the enhancement of ecological functions. The main ecological problems in hilly areas are vegetation destruction, excessive mountain reclamation, excessive mining of building materials, destruction of landform and landscape, pollution with multiple sources, and many other types of environmental and geological problems. For these issues, artificially assisted regeneration and ecological reconstruction should be adopted as the main ecological restoration methods. At the same time, ecological and economic functions should be improved. The main ecological problems in flat land areas are the overload of land space, the shortage of water resources, the heavy pollution issue, the serious destruction of the ecosystem, wetland loss due to excessive construction, destruction of vegetation, the intense transformation of natural flow fields, the poor quality of water environment, etc. For these issues, in order to effectively improve the economic and ecological functions of territorial space, ecological restoration should be focused on ecological reconstruction, comprehensive governance, transformation and utilization of land space, as well as pollution control. The main ecological problems in lake areas are as follows, intensive human activities, serious encroachment on the ecological land by the farmland and villages in the lakeside buffer zone, habitat damage, biodiversity reduction, attenuation or loss of the ecological barrier area around the lake, and serious water pollution. For these issues, ecological restoration should be focused on pollution interception and treatment, water quality restoration, and ecological reconstruction. Specifically, we should construct ecological banks and corridors, eliminate the stress factors of habitat fragmentation, improve and repair the water environment, and rebuild a sound ecosystem. In the past decade, a total area of 593 hm2 has been restored in the plateau lakes. The ecological restoration practice of the "Nine Major Plateau Lakes" proves that the ecological restoration scheme of lake basins on the karst plateau based on natural solutions is effective, and the ecological restoration of major plateau lakes has achieved significant results.
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Key words:
- ecosystem /
- the lake on karst plateau /
- topographic feature /
- environmental problems /
- ecological restoration /
- Yunnan
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表 1 云南省九大高原湖泊基本情况
Table 1. Basic information of the nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province
名称 湖泊面积/km2 平均水深/m 储水量/108m3 湖面高程/m 流域面积/km2 泸沽湖 57.2 38.4 21.17 2692.2 247.7 程海 74.1 25.7 19.79 1 501.0 318.3 洱海 252.0 10.8 29.59 1 966.0 2 565.2 滇池 309.0 5.3 15.60 1 887.4 2920.0 阳宗海 31.0 20.0 6.17 1 770.5 192.0 抚仙湖 216.6 95.2 206.20 1 722.5 674.7 星云湖 34.7 6.01 1.84 1 723.4 371.1 杞麓湖 37.3 4.0 1.83 1 796.6 354.2 异龙湖 31.0 2.9 1.16 1 414.2 360.4 
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表 2 云南省高原湖泊流域生态适宜性评价表
Table 2. Evaluation of ecological suitability of plateau lake basins in Yunnan Province
适宜区 占流域面积
比例/%山区 丘陵区 平坝区 面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/% 面积/km2 占比/% 生态保护极重要区 28.84 943.29 42.61 385.85 17.43 884.67 39.96 生态保护重要区 37.99 649.81 22.31 1 430.96 49.12 832.30 28.57 生态保护一般重要区 33.21 370.62 14.54 564.43 22.14 1 614.64 63.33
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表 3 高原湖泊流域生态修复方案基本构架
Table 3. Basic framework of the ecological restoration scheme for plateau lake basins
生态地质环境分区 地貌组合形态 生态与经济功能 主要生态问题 修复措施 山 区 山岭台面深谷 以涵养水源，保持水土及生物多样性等生态功能为主，部分矿产和能源开发 植被退化、生物多样性受损、水土流失、石漠化及地质灾害 保护保育、自然恢复 丘陵区 丘陵台地浅谷 生态屏障、水土保持、水资源调蓄、产业开发与休闲旅游等生态与经济功能并重 植被破坏、山地开垦过度、建材滥采、地貌景观破坏、污染源点多面广、环境地质问题 人工辅助再生、生态重建 平坝区 平原阶地塘沼 以水土资源高效利用，城镇建设、经济社会发展、湿地恢复重建、缓冲人为及自然危害的影响等经济功能为主，兼及生态功能 国土空间承载量过大、水资源短缺及污染负荷巨大、生态系统破坏严重、工程建筑挤占湿地和损毁植被、自然流场改造强烈，水环境质量差 生态重建、国土综合整治、转型利用及污染源治理 湖泊区 边滩陡崖湿地及湖泊水域 缓冲隔离带功能、生物多样性及生境保护功能、护岸功能和经济美学价值 人类活动强度大，农田、村落等严重侵占湖滨缓冲带生态用地，导致其生境受损，生物多样性降低，环湖生态屏障功能降低 构建生态岸坡、生态廊道，消除生境破碎化的协迫因子
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