Study on spatiotemporal evolution of rocky desertification in the pilot zone for sustainable development: A case study of Gongcheng county
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摘要:
西南喀斯特地区是我国实施可持续发展战略的重要地区，同时也是生态环境极为脆弱、石漠化集中分布的地区，但有关可持续发展实验区石漠化的内在演化机制研究还较少涉及。以广西恭城县国家可持续发展实验区为例，利用2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2021年遥感影像为数据源，采用人机交互解译法进行石漠化信息提取，定量分析了恭城县石漠化的时空演变规律及其成因机制。结果显示，恭城县石漠化主要经历了2000—2005加速恶化、2005—2015年快速改善和2015—2021年缓慢恶化三个阶段，石漠化总面积在88.96~229.55 km2；2000—2005年，恭城县石漠化表现为无石漠化向轻度和中度石漠化转移，2005—2021年呈逆向改善。西岭镇、莲花镇、平安镇是石漠化发生的主要地区，占全县石漠化总面积的55.47%~61.31%。灰岩区发生的石漠化面积为104.03 km2，占石漠化总面积的72.91%；园地内发生的石漠化面积为56.26 km2，占比为38.12%。结果表明：灰岩区强烈的岩溶作用，以及长期种植的单一经济果林遭大面积砍伐，是导致近年恭城县石漠化加重的主要原因。
Abstract:The karst area in Southwest China is an important region for the implementation of sustainable development strategies in China, as well as an area with extremely fragile ecological environment and concentrated distribution of rocky desertification. As a "National Pilot Zone for Sustainable Development" and "National Pilot Demonstration Zone for the Innovative Sustainable Development Agenda", Gongcheng Yao autonomous county of Guangxi is an important demonstration area for the coordinated development of karst landscape resource conservation and special ecological agriculture. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and the driving mechanism of rocky desertification in this area can provide an important scientific basis for the comprehensive management of rocky desertification, and the protection and restoration of karst ecosystem in China's pilot zones for sustainable development. Based on remote sensing images of Landsat series satellite from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2021, this study extracted information on rocky desertification by the interpretation of human-computer interaction, and quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution law of rocky desertification in Gongcheng county. Meanwhile, by combining data of carbonate rock and land use, this study revealed the inherent driving mechanisms of geological conditions and land use changes about the evolution of rocky desertification in Gongcheng county.
The study results show that the rocky desertification in Gongcheng county experienced three stages: accelerated deterioration from 2000 to 2005, rapid improvement from 2005 to 2015 and slow deterioration from 2015 to 2021. The total area of rocky desertification ranged from 88.96–229.55 km2. From 2000 to 2005, the rocky desertification in Gongcheng county shifted from no rocky desertification to mild and intermediate rock desertification, and reversely, it showed improvement from 2005 to 2021. The rocky desertification presented a spatial pattern of development from north to south in Gongcheng county. Xiling town, Lianhua town and Ping'an town were the main areas where rocky desertification occurred, accounting for 55.47%–61.31% of the total rocky desertification area of the county. In 2005 and 2010, when the rocky desertification was relatively severe, it was mainly at a moderate level in Xiling town, while it was mainly at a mild level in other years. In addition, the rocky desertification of Gongcheng county mainly occurred in the limestone area, accounted for 71.42%–75.85% of the total rocky desertification area of this county. But the rocky desertification area in orchards and shrub land accounted for 35.92%–39.21% and 31.77%–31.86% of the county’s total area, respectively. The study results indicate that there exist strong karstification, severe soil erosion/leakage, and insufficient materials and slow rates of soil forming due to the wide distribution of pure limestone in Gongcheng county. Besides, the long-term cultivation of single economic fruit forests such as peaches and plums in orchards has led to a decline in fruit tree quality, and a large number of fruit trees have been cut down in recent years, resulting in an exacerbation of rocky desertification. Therefore, the local authority in Gongcheng county should consider constructing three-dimensional ecological planting model in the karst areas such as Xiling town, Lianhua town and Ping'an town during the comprehensive treatment of rocky desertification, so as to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of ecological industry, rocky desertification control and social economy.
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表 1 恭城县石漠化等级划分及遥感影像判读标志
Table 1. Rocky desertification grade and interpretation signs of remote sensing image in Gongcheng county
石漠化等级 植被覆盖率/% 基岩裸露率/% Landsat遥感影像判读标志 野外照片 无石漠化 ＞70 ＜20 
潜在石漠化 50~70 20~30 
轻度石漠化 35~50 30~50 
中度石漠化 20~35 50~70 
重度石漠化 ＜20 ＞70 
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表 2 恭城县2000—2021年石漠化面积变化表
Table 2. Variation of rocky desertification areas in Gongcheng county from 2000 to 2021
石漠化等级 面积/km2 2000—2005年 2000年 2005年 2010年 2015年 2021年 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 无石漠化 392.23 262.49 294.42 403.08 394.53 −129.74 −6.62 潜在石漠化 374.34 218.83 255.35 316.35 349.55 25.77 28.81 轻度石漠化 30.67 94.82 83.85 58.88 56.82 64.15 41.83 中度石漠化 38.58 97.55 78.52 22.45 27.07 58.97 30.57 重度石漠化 30.56 37.18 35.25 7.63 13.62 6.62 4.33 石漠化合计 99.81 229.55 197.62 88.96 97.51 129.74 26.00
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石漠化等级 2005—2010年 2010—2015年 2015—2021年 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 变化面积/km2 动态度/% 无石漠化 31.93 2.43 108.66 7.38 −8.55 −0.35 潜在石漠化 −4.59 −2.10 47.66 24.40 −41.75 −8.02 轻度石漠化 −10.97 −2.31 −24.97 −5.96 −2.06 −0.58 中度石漠化 −19.03 −3.90 −56.07 −14.28 4.62 3.43 重度石漠化 −1.93 −1.04 −27.62 −15.67 5.99 13.08 石漠化合计 −31.93 −2.78 −108.66 −11.00 8.55 1.60
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表 3 恭城县2000−2021年不同岩性区石漠化分布面积
Table 3. Distribution of rocky desertification in different lithologic areas in Gongcheng county from 2000 to 2021
岩性类型 年份 不同等级石漠化面积/km2 石漠化面积/km2 无石漠化 潜在石漠化 轻度石漠化 中度石漠化 重度石漠化 灰岩 2000 262.55 9.17 20.87 27.12 23.29 71.28 2005 154.71 23.89 63.34 72.17 28.94 164.45 2010 177.25 22.51 56.59 58.92 27.77 143.28 2015 219.87 55.91 44.20 17.05 5.94 67.19 2021 243.34 25.65 42.69 20.63 10.63 73.96 白云岩与灰岩互层 2000 84.65 6.28 5.96 8.06 5.40 19.42 2005 48.88 11.25 23.66 19.84 6.69 50.19 2010 61.19 9.81 18.62 14.49 6.18 39.29 2015 73.96 21.34 9.96 3.84 1.28 15.09 2021 81.76 11.82 10.35 4.27 2.20 16.82 灰岩夹白云岩 2000 23.63 2.07 2.92 1.84 1.48 6.23 2005 13.37 7.23 6.37 3.82 1.22 11.41 2010 14.53 5.51 6.87 3.96 1.12 11.94 2015 19.06 7.95 3.49 1.11 0.32 4.92 2021 20.80 6.02 3.23 1.32 0.57 5.12 碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩 2000 1.53 0.24 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 2005 0.49 1.00 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.25 2010 0.75 0.77 0.24 0.02 0.00 0.26 2015 0.87 0.83 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.08 2021 0.56 1.13 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.10 碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层 2000 1.97 0.12 0.92 1.56 0.38 2.86 2005 1.38 0.30 1.22 1.69 0.34 3.25 2010 1.63 0.47 1.54 1.13 0.18 2.85 2015 2.59 0.69 1.16 0.45 0.09 1.69 2021 3.10 0.36 0.45 0.84 0.22 1.51
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表 4 2010—2021年恭城县不同土地利用类型区石漠化面积统计表
Table 4. Statistic of rocky desertification area in different land use types in Gongcheng county from 2010 to 2021
岩性类型 年份 不同等级石漠化面积/km2 石漠化面积/km2 石漠化发生率/% 无石漠化 潜在石漠化 轻度石漠化 中度石漠化 重度石漠化 耕地 2010 19.45 0.25 1.31 3.56 2.97 7.84 28.48 2021 23.28 0.48 1.00 1.48 1.27 3.75 13.62 有林地 2010 17.81 12.91 11.23 4.90 1.48 17.60 36.42 2021 22.66 14.88 7.97 2.29 0.67 10.93 22.54 灌木林地 2010 53.62 13.68 32.08 22.58 6.94 61.60 47.79 2021 82.24 15.57 24.32 5.37 1.39 31.07 24.11 园地 2010 115.72 5.67 24.61 34.18 18.69 77.48 38.96 2021 157.92 5.93 13.51 13.79 7.72 35.03 17.61 其他林地 2010 5.68 3.44 4.40 2.28 0.60 7.27 44.36 2021 8.36 4.59 2.53 0.73 0.19 3.45 21.05 草地 2010 7.90 1.68 4.57 3.23 1.08 8.89 48.13 2021 12.56 2.19 2.84 0.66 0.20 3.69 20.03 其他用地 2010 35.17 1.43 5.66 7.78 3.49 16.93 31.62 2021 42.53 1.35 4.66 2.74 2.19 9.59 17.93
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