Structural characteristics of geothermal reservoirs in southwest Guizhou: Taking Pingdong geothermal reservoir in Wangmo county as an example
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摘要:
基于地温梯度的地热资源开发受区域地热储层结构及导水构造控制。文章以贵州省望谟县平洞地热储层为研究对象，依据地质调查和ZK1钻孔揭露的地热储层结构为依据，分析区内热储层岩性特征、热储构造、导水构造、地温场特征、地热流体水化学特征，以深入理解地热流体循环机制。研究表明：研究区地处上里地背斜倾伏端，地热流体接受大气降水补给，沿裂隙、断裂带进入深循环并汇集于热储层及断层破碎带，径流过程主要受断裂构造控制，显示出典型的褶皱隆起断裂对流型特征；区内地下水化学类型为HCO3-Ca·Mg型；地热流体增温过程主要由地温梯度控制，平均地温梯度值为2.34 ℃·(100 m)−1，热储构造和导水构造对增温促成也有一定影响。研究成果可为黔西南地区及其他类似地热储层的地热能开发提供参考。
Abstract:As future advantageous resources as well as renewable energy sources, geothermal resources are widely distributed and used due to their large reserves. They are also clean, environmental and recyclable. Therefore, the development and utilization of geothermal resources has become an important means of global energy transformation and mitigation of global warming. In this context, understanding the dynamics of geothermal fluid movement and the distribution characteristics of geothermal resources in the study area becomes important before the development of these resources. Such knowledge is essential for harnessing the full potential of geothermal energy in the area under consideration. The development of geothermal resources based on geothermal temperature gradients is controlled by regional geothermal reservoir structures and water-conducting structures. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the circulation mechanism of the geothermal fluids in the study area, this study takes Pingdong geothermal reservoir in Wangmo county of Guizhou Province as the research object, and analyzes the lithological characteristics, thermal reservoir structures, water-conducting structures, characteristics of geothermal fields, and hydrochemical characteristics of geothermal fluids in this area on the basis of the geological survey and the structural characteristics of geothermal reservoir exposed by ZK1 borehole.
The results show that the study area is located at a national key metallogenic zone—the Youjiang rift of Jiangnan composite orogenic belt at the north of Youjiang metallogenic zone, i.e. Shangli geoanticlinal inclined end of the combination part of NW Wangmo fold belt in the foreland basin and the deformation area of EW Ceheng closed fold. The tectonic stress is concentrated in this area. Geothermal fluids in the study area receive atmospheric precipitation and are replenished along the distribution area of carbonate rock in the core of the Shangli geoanticline on the northwest side. Then they fall into deep circulation along the fissure and fracture zones and converge in the geothermal reservoir (from the reef limestone to the limestone of Houziguan Formation) and in the fault-fracture zone of western Wangmocheng. After the interaction with the surrounding rocks, the geothermal fluids carry out the deep circulation from northwest to southeast, during which they continuously absorb the heat flow transmitted upward from the deep part of the earth's crust through deep faults. The heated and upwelling geothermal fluids move upward due to the buoyancy produced by volume expansion (decreasing density). The fluids at low temperature in the upper part move under gravity due to high density, forming a deep circulation system of the geothermal water in this area. Geothermal fluids in the study area are enriched in the fault-fracture zone of western Wangmocheng and in the combination part of the Permian reef limestone and the limestone of Houziguan Formation in the thermal reservoir. The runoff process of geothermal fluid is mainly affected by the fault structure. The recharge, runoff and discharge conditions of underground geothermal water in the study area generally follow the hydrogeological conditions of deep circulation. The geothermal resources in the study area show typical convective characteristics of folds, uplifts and faults. The analysis of Piper's three-line diagram shows that the hydrochemical type of geothermal fluids and shallow groundwater in the study area is HCO3-Ca-Mg type, which is mainly controlled by carbonate minerals in thermal storage aquifers (Pjh and P2h). The warming process of geothermal fluid is mainly controlled by the geothermal temperature gradient, with the average of 2.34℃·(100m)−1. The thermal storage structure and water-conducting structure also have a certain influence on the warming contribution. This research contributes significantly to our comprehension and prediction of the movement patterns of geothermal fluids and the distribution traits of geothermal resources. As a result, it offers invaluable reference for the development of geothermal energy in other analogous geothermal reservoirs within Southwest Guizhou.
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表 1 热储层岩石岩矿鉴定主要化学成分表
Table 1. Main chemical compositions of rock and ore in the thermal reservoir
样品编号 地层代号 岩石化学成分及平均含量/% CaO MgO Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 Mn/10−6 S K2O Na2O TiO2 2018G-539 断层带 53.8 0.48 0.02 0.146 0.17 39 0.018 0.024 0.084 0.002 2018G-540 Pjh 53.74 0.76 0.174 0.226 0.179 47 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.009 2018G-541 P2h 53.56 0.56 0.236 0.54 0.496 101 0.02 0.043 0.096 0.011 2018G-467 Pjh 52.24 0.27 5.23 0.44 0.27 0.048 0.014 0.005 0.04 2018G-468 Pjh 52.02 0.22 5.83 0.33 0.2 93 0.03 0.012 0.038 0.02 
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表 2 ZK1号地热勘探孔井温测量数据统计表
Table 2. Statistics of measurement data on well temperature of ZK1 geothermal borehole
深度/m 温度/℃ 深度/m 温度/℃ 深度/m 温度/℃ 50 27.62 900 45.17 1 700 59.47 100 27.6 950 46.11 1 750 60.3 150 28.06 1 000 47 1 800 61.43 250 29.45 1 050 48.06 1 850 62.05 300 30.39 1 100 48.87 1 900 62.83 350 30.97 1 150 49.76 1 950 63.79 400 31.95 1 200 50.77 2 000 65.02 450 32.59 1 250 51.6 2 050 65.78 500 33.48 1 300 52.47 2 100 67.16 550 34.26 1 350 53.27 2 150 68.55 600 35.08 1 400 54.02 2 200 69.44 650 36.21 1 450 55.02 2 250 70.39 700 41.81 1 500 55.75 2 300 71.35 750 42.87 1 550 56.69 2 350 73.03 800 43.74 1 600 57.81 2 400.27 74.5 850 44.43 1 650 58.8
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