Sedimentary and palaeoclimatic characteristics of planation surface at the edge of typical karst plateau: A case study of Luota and Jiaba sctions in Xiangxi
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Abstract:
The palaeoenvironment has an important influence on the formation and evolution of karst geomorphology, and the planation surface at the edge of the karst plateau is one of the important recorders. The Yunnan−Guizhou Plateau is an important karst plateau in China, on the southeast edge of which is located Xiangxi in Hunan Province—a deep cut platform and gorge development area. Xiangxi is also a combination zone of low mountains and middle mountains at the edge of the Yunnan−Guizhou Plateau, in which the high plain transits to the alluvial plain, with rich records of planation surfaces. These planation surfaces are characterized by rapid altitude changes, different weathering crust materials and different types of bedrock lithology. However, the weathering crust properties and palaeoclimate characteristics of these planation surfaces are still unclear. Therefore, we choose two weathering crusts representing the elevation of 1,400 m and 600−700 m of planation surfaces in Luota Period (Luota section) and Zhaoshi Period (Jiaba section) as study objects. In this study, conducting the inversion of palaeoclimate indicated by weathering crusts of planation surfaces through grain size, magnetic susceptibility and sporopollen analyses, we hope to provide more evidence for the development characteristics of planation surfaces and palaeoclimate evolution on the edge of the Yunnan−Guizhou Plateau.
Results show that the weathering crust of Luota section is 5.0 m thick and can be divided into 5 layers. The lithology is mainly composed of humus, gravel layer, silt, clay, etc. The content of silt with sizes ranging from 5 to 50 μm is the highest, accounting for 57.6%; the average content of clay is 41.9%; the sand content is the lowest, at 0.56%, all of which are fine sand. The weathering crust in Jiaba section is 3.5 m thick and can be divided into two layers. The lithology is mainly composed of humus, silty, clay and a small amount of gravel. The content of silt with sizes ranging from 5 to 50 μm is also the highest, accounting for 54%; the average content of clay is 39%. In addition, the analyses of Md, Mz, σ, Sk, Kg, SC/D values, magnetic susceptibility and other indicators show that there appear multiple index fluctuations in both Luota and Jiaba sections, but the fluctuation range of Jiaba section is relatively limited. The types of sporopollen in the two sections are different. Luota section is mainly composed of Polypodium and Pinus, with a small number of Abies, Podcarpus and Chenopodium. The main sporopollen components of Jiaba section are Polypodium and Pinus, and a few Gramineae and Carpinipites are found. The types of sporopollen in Jiaba section are fewer than those in Luota section, and the concentrations are also lower. Based on the development of Polypodium in both sections, it is supposed that the climate during the sedimentary period of weathering crust was warm and hot. However, the climate during the sedimentary period of Luota section may have been a warm climate with high humidity, while the climate of Jiaba section may have been a cool and humid climate with low humidity. In addition, according to the analysis of sporopollen and the previous data, it is speculated that the weathering crust of Luota section may have been formed in the early Neogene, and the planation surface may have been formed in the Miocene. The weathering crust of Jiaba section may have been formed in the early Quaternary, and the planation surface may have been formed in the Pleistocene.
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Key words:
- Xiangxi UNESCO Global Geopark /
- planation surface /
- palaeoclimate /
- grain size /
- magnetic susceptibility /
- sporopollen
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Table 1. Development characteristics of karst landform and planation surface in Xiangxi
No. Karst stratification Level of planation surface
(north)[19]Example of planation surface (mountain)[19] Period of platform [20-21] Elevation of platform (m) Deposit [21] Forming age of
platform
(Speculation)[19-21]Combination
of
landform1 Layer I Level 1-2 Huping mountaom, Xihai, Xihuang mountain, Laer mountain, Daqingshan, etc. Tiziyan period > 1,300 Residual slope, ice water accumulation Paleogene Solitary peaks, ponors, residual caves, stone forests, karst hills 2 Level 3 Badongxianshan period 1,230 Red gravel accumulation Neogene karst hills, dolines, karst depressions, shafts, karst ridges, clints, stone forests, ponors 3 Yabusi period 1,030 Flowing water phase accumulation Late Neogene− Early Quaternary karst hills, deep valleys, karst ridges, stone forests, clints 4 Layer II Level 4 Damijie, Hejia mountain, Paibi, etc. Luota valley period(High valley−wide valley−Cheshuiping river sub-stage) 650−900 Red-yellow clay sand gravel, gray black silt Pleistocene valleys, canyons, karst hills 5 Layer III Level 5 Baofeng lake, Nanhua mountain, etc. Luota valley period(canyon sub-stage) 400−600 Sand gravel, sub-clay Holocene Underground rivers, horizontal karst caves, dolines, karst depressions 6 Layer IV Level 6 Both sides of the Yuanshui river and Lishui river Modern period 300−400 Clay, gravel Holocene horizontal karst caves, shallow karst depressions, shallow dolines, swallet streams 
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Table 2. Sedimentary characteristics of Luota section and Jiaba section
Sample Component/% Mass MS/
×10−8
m3·kg−1Sample Component/% Mass MS/
×10−8
m3·kg−1Sample Component/% Mass MS/
×10−8
m3·kg−1Clay Silty Fine
sandClay Silty Fine
sandClay Silty Fine
sandMedium
sandCoarse
sandLT01 40.16 59.10 0.74 26.25 LT16 42.74 56.83 0.43 17.97 JB01 38.07 53.87 6.39 1.28 0.39 10.31 LT02 41.26 58.24 0.50 16.09 LT17 41.80 57.82 0.38 20.94 JB02 34.84 55.50 8.86 0.67 0.12 11.56 LT03 43.05 56.61 0.35 18.26 LT18 41.72 57.78 0.50 22.50 JB03 41.71 53.92 4.37 0 0 12.66 LT04 39.67 59.77 0.56 24.22 LT19 42.85 56.76 0.39 19.22 JB04 35.91 56.88 7.21 0 0 11.88 LT05 40.17 59.37 0.52 21.88 LT20 41.04 58.41 0.55 24.38 JB05 43.75 52.15 4.11 0 0 11.72 LT06 42.42 57.26 0.32 16.88 LT21 43.01 56.64 0.35 19.38 JB06 41.00 55.76 3.24 0 0 12.03 LT07 42.46 57.14 0.40 19.69 LT22 41.92 57.55 0.53 22.34 JB07 44.22 50.26 5.52 0 0 14.69 LT08 42.86 56.56 0.58 16.72 LT23 39.73 59.65 0.62 10.47 JB08 42.13 52.21 5.66 0 0 15.00 LT09 43.22 56.47 0.32 20.51 LT24 39.73 59.55 0.73 11.72 JB09 37.61 53.22 7.86 0.98 0.33 12.19 LT10 44.55 55.09 0.36 15.16 LT25 42.47 56.97 0.56 11.09 JB10 35.48 51.76 12.07 0.56 0.13 12.19 LT11 42.07 57.60 0.34 18.44 LT26 42.87 56.59 0.55 9.53 JB11 36.27 54.66 8.29 0.62 0.17 14.38 LT12 42.08 57.59 0.33 14.69 LT27 39.46 59.19 1.35 8.59 JB12 36.62 54.69 7.78 0.76 0.16 13.91 LT13 42.91 56.78 0.31 15.47 LT28 41.37 57.35 1.29 10.31 JB13 42.55 51.99 5.46 0 0 14.22 LT14 42.13 56.93 0.94 12.81 LT29 41.66 57.49 0.86 10.63 JB14 36.06 54.97 8.01 0.84 0.12 14.06 LT15 41.97 57.35 0.68 22.81 LT30 42.74 56.79 0.48 11.56 JB15 38.60 58.37 3.03 0 0 14.69
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