Lithofacies geochemistry characteristics of alkali volcanic rocks and prospecting prediction in Tupiza copper deposit, Bolivia
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摘要:
在沉积型铜矿床中，蚀变火山岩具有特殊的成岩成矿意义。采用构造岩相学填图、火山岩岩相类型划分和电子探针分析等综合方法，对玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿进行研究，结果表明在玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿区内，发育中深成相、次火山侵入相（次火山颈相）、火山溢流相、火山碎屑流相、沉火山岩相等。岩石组合类型为辉绿岩-辉绿玢岩、辉长岩-辉长玢岩、碱性玄武岩、钾质粗面玄武岩、橄榄玄武粗面安山岩和安粗岩。在区域上，碱性玄武质岩浆侵位具多期多阶段性，在Tupiza铜矿区内，采用矿物温度-压力计估算，镁普通角闪石形成温度630.97~748.43℃，压力55~251 MPa，推测成岩深度为2.04~9.27 km，揭示经历多阶段减压增温（减压熔融）、减压降温的成岩演化过程，在岩浆减压侵位过程中具有高温高氧化成岩环境。绿泥石形成温度为112~305℃，lgf（O2）为-45.03~-56.68，lgf（S2）为-4.46~-18.07，属中—低温还原成岩成矿环境，代表铜（银）主成矿期。次火山热液蚀变成岩成矿作用形成了Tupiza铜（银）矿床，蚀变火山岩是铜矿床的成矿物质供给系统，铜（银）矿体富集于蚀变火山岩相体与构造叠加部位，在NNE与NW向构造交汇部位尤为富集。在上白垩统阿诺依菲雅组第三岩性段蚀变火山岩层之下的第二岩性段顶部黄铁矿化砂砾岩中，验证钻孔揭露了铜（钴）矿化体，是深部寻找隐伏沉积岩型铜（钴）矿体找矿标志。在蚀变火山岩和外围砂砾岩中具有明显的铜铅锌矿化和异常。本文认为，在Tupiza铜矿床内，次火山热液成矿系统中心分布在蚀变次火山颈相中，富集铜（银）矿体；周边脉状-网脉状断裂-裂隙-蚀变带为铜铅锌成矿系统的过渡相带；而以赋存在上白垩统Aroifilla组第二岩性段中砂砾岩型铜（钴）矿体和Cu-Pb-Zn异常，为铜（钴）铅锌成矿系统的外缘相带。在深部围绕蚀变次火山岩相体具有寻找铜（银）、铜（钴）和铜铅锌矿体的潜力。
Abstract:In sediment-hosted copper deposits, altered volcanic rocks have special significance for diagenesis and mineralization. Based on the methods of tectonic lithofacies mapping, volcanic lithofacies classification, and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA), the authors studied lithofacies types of volcanic rocks, their geochemical characteristics, physical-chemical conditions of magmatic evolution and their relationship with copper (silver) enrichment. The following results show that mesogenetic intrusive facies, subvolcanic intrusive facies (sub-volcanic neck facies), volcanic overflow facies, pyroclastic facies and sink volcanic rocks are developed in the Tupiza copper deposit. The assemblage of rock types is diabase, gabbro, alkaline basalt, potash-trachybasalt, olivine basalt trachyandesite, and latite. In this area, alkaline basaltic magmatic emplacement has multiple stages and phases. In the Tupiza copper mining area, mineral geothermometer-geobarometer was used to do estimation. When the formation temperature and pressure of hornblende respectively are 630.97-748.43℃ and 55-251 MPa, the depth of diagenetic formation is estimated to be 2.04-9.27 km, revealing that the diagenesis evolution process under decreasing pressure-increasing temperature (decompression melting) and decreasing pressure-decreasing temperature had a high-temperature and high-oxidation diagenetic environment during magmatic decompression and emplacement, suggesting a multi-stage emplacement. Chlorite formation temperature is 112-305℃, lgf(O2)=-45.03—-56.68, lgf(S2)=-4.46—-18.07, suggesting a low temperature reduced diagenesis mineralization environment representing the main copper (silver) ore formation period. The Tupiza copper (silver) deposit was formed by the subvolcanic hydrothermal alteration diagenetic mineralization. Altered volcanic rock is a metallogenic material supply system for copper deposits. Copper (silver) orebody is concentrated in altered volcanic lithosphere and structural superposition, particularly concentrated in the intersection of NNE and NW-trending structures. In the pyrite glutenite at the top of the second lithologic section below the third lithologic alteration volcanic rock in the Upper Cretaceous Aroifilla Formation, the verifying drilling revealed a copper (cobalt) mineralized body, which was the sign of deep prospecting for hidden sedimentary rock type copper (cobalt) orebodies. In this paper, it is believed that, in the Tupiza copper deposit, the central phase of the sub-volcanic hydrothermal metallogenic system is distributed in the altered secondary volcanic neck phases, enriching the copper (silver) orebody. Peripheral veinlet vein-fractured-alteration zone is the transitional facies zone of the copper-lead-zinc metallogenic system, while the glutenite-type copper (cobalt) ore and Cu-Pb-Zn anomaly in the second lithologic zone of the Aroifilla Formation is the outer fringe facies zone of the copper (cobalt) lead-zinc metallogenic system. It has the prospecting potential for copper (silver), copper (cobalt) and copper-lead-zinc orebodies in the deep surrounding altered subvolcanic facies.
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图 4 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩TAS分类图（据Le Maitre et al., 2005）
Figure 4.
图 5 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩SiO2-K2O图解（实线据Peccerillo et al., 1976；虚线据Middlemost，1985）
Figure 5.
图 6 稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式图（据Sun et al., 1989）
Figure 6.
图 7 微量元素球粒陨石标准化蛛网图（据Sun et al., 1989）
Figure 7.
图 9 绿泥石分类图解（Deer et al., 1962）
Figure 9.
表 1 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩主量元素组成及其特征参数（%）
Table 1. Main elements (%) and their parameters of volcanic rocks in Tupiza copper deposit, Bolivia
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表 2 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩稀土元素（10-6）及其特征参数
Table 2. Rare earth elements (10-6) and their parameters of volcanic rocks in Tupiza copper deposit, Bolivia
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表 3 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩微量元素组成(10-6)
Table 3. Trace elements(10-6) of volcanic rocks in Tupiza copper deposit, Bolivia
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表 4 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩中角闪石电子探针分析数据(%)
Table 4. The EPMA data (%) of amphibole of volcanic rocks in the Tupiza Copper deposit, Bolivia
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表 5 玻利维亚Tupiza铜矿火山岩中绿泥石电子探针分析数据（%）
Table 5. The EPMA data (%) of chlorites of volcanic rocks in Tupiza Copper deposit, Bolivia
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