Shuitoushan magmatic hydrothermal lead-zinc deposit in western Yunnan: Evidence from REE and C-O isotopes
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摘要:
研究目的 位于西南“三江”成矿带保山地块南部的水头山矿床，是镇康矿集区内新近勘查突破的又一典型的低温热液型Pb-Zn矿床，由于矿区内未出露岩浆岩，矿床成因存在争议，本文旨在通过对其成矿物质、成矿流体来源的研究，厘定该矿床成因类型。
研究方法 在详细划分该矿床成矿期次和成矿阶段的基础上，运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）对该矿床岩（矿）石和不同阶段的硫化物进行了系统的稀土元素分析，对赋矿围岩碳酸盐岩、大理岩及不同期次的方解石开展了C-O同位素地球化学组成研究，并与毗邻的芦子园超大型铅锌铁多金属矿床进行综合对比，探讨水头山矿床成矿物质来源及成矿流体特征，揭示矿床的成矿机理。
研究结果 该矿床成矿作用可划分为成矿期和表生期，其中热液成矿期可划分为阶段Ⅰ（黄铁矿-黄铜矿-方解石阶段）、阶段Ⅱ（闪锌矿-方铅矿-方解石阶段）和阶段Ⅲ（黄铜矿-方解石阶段）。稀土元素及C-O同位素组成特征的研究表明，水头山矿床各成矿阶段单矿物、矿石Y/Ho值显示其成矿物质来源与深部岩浆活动有关；通过对该矿床单矿物、矿石稀土元素配分模式与保山地块内燕山期的柯街、志本山花岗岩体的稀土配分模式分析对比，表明该矿床成矿流体中的REE主要来自深部岩浆热液，δ13CV-PDB-δ18OV-SMOW图解显示其成矿流体也主要来自岩浆热液，前期成矿热液运移中有沉积岩的混染，后期可能受低温蚀变作用与大气降水的影响。
结论 水头山矿床无论是成矿物质还是成矿流体来源均与矿区深部的岩浆热液密切相关，且与毗邻的芦子园超大型Pb-Zn-Fe多金属矿床具有同源性，是与深部中酸性岩浆热液有关的浅成低温热液矿床。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective The Shuitoushan deposit is located in the south part of Baoshan block in the "Sanjiang" metallogenic belt, SW China. It is another important newly discovered epithermal Pb-Zn deposit in Zhenkang ore concentration area. Since no igneous rock exposed in the mining area, the origin of the ore deposit is still controversial. This paper aims to determine the genetic type of the deposit by studying on the sources of ore-forming materials and fluids.
Methods Based on the detailed division of ore-forming stages of Shuitoushan deposit, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used to systematically analyze rare eath elements of the rocks (ores) and sulfides in different stages. C and O isotopic compositions of the ore-hosted carbonate rocks, marbles and calcites of different stages were analyzed as well. Compared with the adjacent Luziyuan super-large Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit, we discuss the sources of ore-forming materials and the characteristics of ore-forming fluids in the Shuitoushan deposit, and reveal the ore-forming mechanism of the deposit.
Results The Shuitoushan deposit can be divided into mineralization stage and epigenetic stage. Among them, the mineralization stage can be further divided into stage Ⅰ (pyrite-chalcopyrite-calcite stage), stage Ⅱ (sphalerite-galena-calcite stage) and stage Ⅲ (chalcopyrite-calcite stage). The studies of rare earth elements and C-O isotopic compositions show that the Y/Ho values of minerals and ores from each stage of Shuitoushan deposit indicate the source of the ore-forming materials is related to deep magmatic activity. Comparing the REE distribution model of minerals and ores from Shuitoushan deposit with the Yanshanian Kejie and Zhibenshan granites in the Baoshan block shows that the REEs in the ore-forming fluid of this deposit was mainly originated from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluid. As shown in the δ13CV-PDB-δ18OV-SMOW diagram, the ore-forming fluids are also mainly from magmatic hydrothermal fluids. During the migration processes, the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids was contaminated by sedimentary rocks in early stage, and may be affected by low-temperature alteration and atmospheric precipitation in later stages.
Conclusions Both the sources of ore-forming materials and fluids of Shuitoushan deposit are closely related to the magmatic hydrothermal fluid in the deep part of the mining area. It has the same origin with the adjacent Luziyuan super-large Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit, and is an epithermal deposit related to acidic magmatic hydrothermal fluids.
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图 1 西南三江地区构造示意图（a，底图据Metcalfe, 2013），保山地块构造缝合带、花岗岩及矿床分布地质简图（b，底图据Deng et al., 2014a），镇康矿集区矿产分布图（c，据夏庆霖等, 2005）
Figure 1.
图 7 重要地质储库C-O同位素特征（a底图据Clark and Fritz, 1997；b底图据Hoefs, 1997）
Figure 7.
图 8 水头山矿床δ13CV-PDB-δ18OV-SMOW图解（底图据王长明等, 2007; 周家喜等, 2012; 袁波等, 2014）
Figure 8.
表 2 水头山矿床及芦子园矿床稀土元素含量（10-6）及特征参数
Table 2. REE content (10-6) and characteristics parameter of the Shuitoushan Pb-Zn deposit and Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic deposit
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表 4 水头山矿床及芦子园矿床硫化物、矿石、围岩及岩体Y/Ho值对比表
Table 4. Contrast of Y/Ho ratios of sulfide, ore and wallrock of the Shuitoushan and Luziyuan deposit and rock body
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