Genetic types, geological characteristics and genetic mechanism of manganese deposits in Africa
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摘要:
研究目的 非洲锰矿资源丰富，储量3.1亿t、资源量6.6亿t排名在世界上均列第一，加强非洲锰矿床的研究和认识对推动锰矿找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。
研究方法 通过对重要成矿带典型矿床的解剖总结了非洲锰矿床的成因类型、地质特征。
研究结果 非洲锰矿成因类型主要有前寒武系条带状铁建造（BIF）型、海相沉积型、陆相（三角洲湖相）沉积型、与岩浆作用有关的热液型锰矿床等，其中以前寒武系条带状铁建造（BIF）型和海相沉积型最为重要。
结论 非洲锰矿资源具有矿床规模大（以大型、超大型为主）、品位高（30%~50%）、分布相对集中的总体特征；锰矿床的成锰时代较早，以前寒武纪为主；多数锰矿床都遭受2.0 Ga的不整合侵蚀及新生代表生氧化两期风化淋滤作用改造。
Abstract:This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.
Objective Manganese ore resources abundant in Africa, where the 310 Mt reserves and 660 Mt resources rank first in the world.Enhance research and awareness of manganese deposits in Africa, It has important guiding significance for promoting the prospecting of manganese ore in my country.
Methods Through the dissection of typical deposits in important metallogenic belts, the genetic types and geological characteristics of manganese deposits in Africa are summarized.
Results Manganese ore types in Africa are diverse, such precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) type, marine sedimentary type, continental (delta-lacustrine) sedimentary type, magmatic hydrothermal type etc., Among them, the precambrian banded iron formation (BIF) type and marine sedimentary type are the most important.
Conclusions Manganese deposits are characterized by large deposits (mainly large and super large), high grade (30%-50%), and relatively concentrated distribution. The manganese-forming age of manganese deposits is earlier, mainly in the Precambrian; Most manganese deposits suffer eluviation weathering supergene processes from 2.0 Ga unconformity erosionand Cenozoic.
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图 2 南非西格里夸兰（Griqualand）德兰士瓦超群区域地质图(a，显示了卡拉哈里锰矿田（KMF）和黑山（Black Ridge）逆冲断裂的分布）以及卡拉哈里锰矿田（KMF）横向剖面示意图（b）（据Cairncross and Beukes, 2013）
Figure 2.
图 3 马尔曼（Maremane）穹隆地质图（a）、N-S向横剖面示意图（b）、东部矿带（Manganore地区）的喀斯特（岩溶）地区锰矿床（c）及西部矿带（Lohatlha地区）的喀斯特（岩溶）矿床（d）
Figure 3.
图 4 加蓬Francevillian锰矿区地质简图（a）和莫安达（Moanda）附近的Bangombe高原的横剖面（b）（据Nicolas et al., 2016）
Figure 4.
图 5 加蓬Francevillian次级盆地古地理剖面示意图和锰矿床位置图（据Gauthier-Lafaye and Weber, 2003）
Figure 5.
图 6 西非比利姆（Birimian）岩系的简化地质图（据Baratoux et al., 2011）
Figure 6.
图 7 西非Birimian岩系锰矿带典型的富含高品位表生氧化锰矿石的示意图（据Nicolas et al., 2016）
Figure 7.
图 8 摩洛哥伊米尼（Imini）锰矿带位置图（a）、伊米尼（Imini）锰矿带的简化地质图（b，显示了森诺曼—土仑阶白云岩中所含锰矿体的分布）及Lantenois锰矿床的地层柱状图（c，显示了三层Mn矿体（C1、C2、C3）；三个沉积旋回系统（S1、S2、S3））（据Mohammed, 2016）
Figure 8.
图 9 伊米尼（Imini）锰矿带含矿地层柱状图（据Mohammed, 2016）
Figure 9.
图 10 非洲主要锰矿床与含铁建造形成时间分布示意图（据Cairncross and Beukes, 2013；Nicolas et al., 2016有修改）
Figure 10.
表 1 非洲主要锰矿资源国锰矿石资源量/储量和锰矿床（点）统计表
Table 1. Summary of manganese ore resources/reserves of major manganese ore resource countries in Africa
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表 2 非洲锰矿床成因类型及其典型性矿床的规模和含锰层位
Table 2. The genetic types and their typical manganese deposits in the Mn-bearing strata of African
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表 3 非洲重要锰矿床（矿田）主要地质特征
Table 3. The main geological characteristics of important manganese deposits (fields) in Africa
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