Evaluation method of soil heavy metal harm to groundwater: Taking Huichun basin，Jilin Province as an example
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摘要:
研究目的 土壤中不断富集的重金属对地下水产生潜在危害，但以往研究缺少定量评价土壤重金属对地下水危害度的方法。
研究方法 本文以地下水循环和固液平衡理论相结合，构建了简便易用的土壤重金属进入地下水的通量模型，在评价地下水环境容量的基础上，创新提出了土壤重金属对地下水危害评价方法。
研究结果 以珲春盆地为例进行了应用，结果表明：研究区土壤重金属进入地下水通量从大到小依次为Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg，大部分地区地下水重金属（As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd）在10年内达不到环境容量限值，大部分乡镇土壤重金属对地下水的危害等级在中度及以下级别。
结论 通过该评价方法能够简单快捷的定量计算土壤重金属进入地下水的通量，判定地下水重金属剩余容量，评价土壤重金属对地下水的危害状况，为相关部门开展土壤及地下水的环境保护提供支撑，为相关学者开展类似研究提供借鉴。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective The continuous accumulation of heavy metals in soil has potential harm to groundwater, but there is no quantitative method to evaluate the harm of heavy metals in soil to groundwater in previous studies.
Methods Based on the theory of groundwater circulation and solid−liquid equilibrium, a simple and easy−to−−use flux model of soil heavy metals into groundwater is constructed in this paper. On the basis of evaluating groundwater environmental capacity, an innovative method for evaluating the harm of soil heavy metals to groundwater is proposed.
Results The application was carried out in Hunchun Basin as an example, and the results showed that the fluxes of soil heavy metals into groundwater in the study area were Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg in descending order, and that the heavy metals of the groundwater in most of the areas could not reach the limit of the environmental capacity within 10 years, and the damage level in most towns and villages to groundwater was moderate or below.
Conclusions Through this evaluation method, the flux of heavy metals in soil into groundwater can be calculated simply and quickly, the residual capacity of heavy metals in groundwater can be determined, and the harm of heavy metals in soil to groundwater can be evaluated, which provides support for relevant departments to carry out environmental protection of soil and groundwater, and provides reference for relevant scholars to carry out similar research.
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表 1 各元素固相–水分配系数预测模型一览
Table 1. List of prediction models in the solid−water partition coefficients of each element
元素 Kd预测模型 文献来源 As LgKd=0.41lg(total)+0.72lg(AlFeox)
－0.40Groenenberg et al.,
2012Hg 旱田：lgKd=0.021lg(Slit)+2.70
水田：lgKd=1.13lg(S)+3.17王晓晨等, 2018 Cu LgKd=0.21pH +0.51lg(SOM)+1.75 Sauve et al., 2000 Pb LgKd=0.37pH +0.44lg(total)+1.19 Sauve et al., 2000 Zn LgKd=0.60pH +0.21lg(total)－1.34 Sauve et al., 2000 Ni LgKd=1.02pH +0.80lg(SOM)－4.16 Sauve et al., 2000 Cd LgKd=0.48pH+0.82lg(SOM)－0.65 Sauve et al., 2000 注：SOM为有机碳含量，%；total为元素总含量，mg/kg；AlFeox为铁铝氧化物，%（铁铝氧化物/土壤）；Slit为土壤黏粒含量，%；S为土壤总硫含量，g/kg。 
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表 2 土壤重金属对地下水危害程度评价标准
Table 2. Harm degree of soil heavy metals in the groundwater
土壤重金属对地下水
危害度（Dg）危害程度 ＞50或<0 极严重 1~50 严重 0.2~1 中度 0.1~0.2 轻度 0.04~0.1 警戒 0~0.04 无
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表 3 研究区各乡镇土壤重金属进入地下水通量（kg/a）
Table 3. Fluxes (kg/a) of soil heavy metals into groundwater in villages and towns in the study area
乡镇 As Hg Cu Pb Zn Ni Cd 板石镇 114.96 1.07 136.27 18.84 1375.88 2.35 5.17 三家子乡 98.02 0.78 133.36 18.07 1440.23 2.29 6.34 经济合作区 59.29 0.61 73.56 11.16 736.82 1.32 2.15 马川子乡 103.66 1.16 114.23 19.20 1405.70 2.31 3.15 杨泡乡 58.28 0.36 76.79 10.22 695.80 1.35 2.84 英安镇 179.96 1.52 240.91 32.13 2178.65 3.94 7.37 哈达门乡 68.78 0.41 102.35 14.27 1011.68 1.83 4.08 总计 682.94 5.91 877.49 123.89 8844.75 15.40 31.09
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表 4 研究区地下水重金属含量（mg/L）
Table 4. Content (mg/L) of heavy metals in groundwater in study area
含量 Cu Pb Zn As Hg Cd Ni 最小值 0.00060 0.00040 0.0036 0.0014 0.0000000 0.000000 0.0006 最大值 0.00910 0.01880 0.4658 0.0094 0.0000357 0.000771 0.0458 平均值 0.00483 0.00244 0.0239 0.0026 0.0000230 0.000084 0.0109 国标Ⅲ级* 1.00 0.01 1.00 0.01 0.001 0.005 0.02 注：*《地下水质量标准》（GB 14848–2017）中Ⅲ级质量标准。
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表 5 研究区各乡镇地下水重金属环境容量（kg）
Table 5. Environmental capacity (kg) of heavy metals in groundwater of the study area
行政区 As Hg Cu Pb Zn Ni Cd 板石镇 692.77 92.58 94223.22 545.13 92380.17 706.93 466.76 三家子乡 782.23 100.41 102353.49 702.37 100951.68 1460.23 503.68 经济合作区 126.96 16.74 17014.08 131.77 15952.48 38.10 84.17 马川子乡 230.02 29.93 30468.46 238.12 29753.14 316.12 150.41 杨泡乡 173.52 21.76 22230.00 190.63 22081.60 267.84 109.89 英安镇 745.06 101.97 103863.29 809.86 102593.92 1082.58 513.06 哈达门乡 282.79 36.57 37362.07 342.22 37177.10 334.56 184.90
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表 6 研究区土壤重金属对地下水的危害程度一览
Table 6. List of the harm degree of soil heavy metals in the groundwater of the study area
行政区 危害等级 As Cd Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn 总体 板石镇 中度 无 无 无 无 警戒 无 中度 三家子乡 轻度 无 无 无 无 无 无 轻度 经济合作区 中度 无 无 警戒 极严重 警戒 警戒 极严重 马川子乡 中度 无 无 警戒 无 警戒 警戒 中度 杨泡乡 中度 无 无 无 无 警戒 无 中度 英安镇 中度 无 无 无 无 警戒 无 中度 哈达门乡 中度 无 无 无 无 警戒 无 中度
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