Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrate production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect
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摘要:
研究目的 中国地质调查局先后于2017年、2020年在南海北部神狐海域成功实施两轮水合物试采，创造了产气时间最长、产气总量最大、日均产气量最高等多项世界纪录，了解和掌握南海天然气水合物开采储层相变与渗流机理，有助于进一步揭示该类型水合物分解机理、产出规律、增产机制等，可为中国海域水合物资源规模高效开采提供理论基础。
研究方法 基于两轮试采实践，笔者通过深入研究发现，储层结构表征、水合物相变、多相渗流与增渗、产能模拟与调控是制约水合物分解产气效率的重要因素。
研究结果 研究表明，南海水合物相变具有分解温度低，易在储层内形成二次水合物等特点，是由渗流场-应力场-温度场-化学场共同作用的复杂系统；多相渗流作用主要受控于未固结储层的物性特征、水合物相变、开采方式等多元因素影响，具有较强的甲烷吸附性、绝对渗透率易突变、气相流动能力弱等特点；围绕南海水合物长期、稳定、高效开采目标，需要在初始储层改造基础上，通过实施储层二次改造，进一步优化提高储层渗流能力，实现增渗扩产目的。
结论 随着天然气水合物产业化进程不断向前推进，还需要着力解决大规模长时间产气过程中温度压力微观变化及物质能源交换响应机制以及水合物高效分解、二次生成边界条件等难题。
Abstract:This paper is the result of marine hydrates exploration engineering.
Objective The China Geological Survey successfully carried out two NGH production tests in the Shenhu area in the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 2017 and 2020, setting multiple world records, such as the longest gas production time, the highest total gas production, and the highest average daily gas production. Understanding and mastering the phase transition and seepage mechanism of natural gas hydrate reservoir exploitation in the SCS will help to further reveal the decomposition mechanism, production law, and production increase mechanism of this type of hydrate, and provide a theoretical basis for large- scale and efficient exploitation of hydrate resources in China sea.
Methods As suggested by the in-depth research on the two production tests, key factors that restrict the gas production efficiency of hydrate dissociation include reservoir structure characterization, hydrate phase transition, multiphase seepage and permeability enhancement, and the simulation and regulation of production capacity, among which the hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism are crucial.
Results Study results reveal that the hydrate phase transition in the SCS is characterized by low dissociation temperature, is prone to produce secondary hydrates in the reservoirs, and is a complex process under the combined effects of the seepage, stress, temperature, and chemical fields. The multiphase seepage is controlled by multiple factors such as the physical properties of unconsolidated reservoirs, the hydrate phase transition, and exploitation methods and is characterized by strong methane adsorption, abrupt changes in absolute permeability, and the weak flow capacity of gas. To ensure the long-term, stable, and efficient NGHs exploitation in the SCS, it is necessary to further enhance the reservoir seepage capacity and increase gas production through secondary reservoir stimulation based on initial reservoir stimulation.
Conclusions With the constant progress in the NGHs industrialization, great efforts should be made to tackle the difficulties, such as determining the micro-change in temperature and pressure, the response mechanisms of material-energy exchange, the methods for efficient NGH dissociation, and the boundary conditions for the formation of secondary hydrates in the large-scale, long-term gas production.
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图 5 六个水合物储层样品的原始灰度图（a）、二值化图（b）及压力场分布图（c）(Bian et al., 2020)
Figure 5.
图 6 水合物样品孔隙度和渗透率拟合示意图（a）以及样品在不同正方向上的进相与渗透率拟合曲线（b）(Bian et al., 2020)
Figure 6.
图 8 水基体系不同盐度条件下天然气水合物分解条件（a）和不同盐度条件下沉积物基体系中水合物分解条件（b）(Geng et al., 2021)
Figure 8.
图 9 甲烷水合物实验数据压力与温度图：a—水基体系；b—沉积物基体系, 其中实线表明实验方法与数据的可靠性(Geng et al., 2021)
Figure 9.
图 14 改进的Langmuir和DR模型拟合不同实验样品结果图（a—KT4-16; b-KT4-17;c—KT4-18;d—KT4-16）(Qi et al., 2022)
Figure 14.
图 16 泥质粉砂与常规砂岩煤层气、致密砂岩气-水两相相对渗透率曲线对比图(Lu et al., 2021)
Figure 16.
图 17 水合物分解区泥质粉砂储层水力压裂断裂特征CT扫描图(Lu et al., 2021)
Figure 17.
图 18 Hydrate Smart平台界面(Sun et al., 2021)
Figure 18.
表 3 六个水合物样品和两个砂岩岩心的三维分形维数计算(Bian et al., 2020)
Table 3. Calculated 3D fractal dimensions of six hydrate samples and two sandstone cores (Bian et al., 2020)
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