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摘要:
研究目的 南疆地区是中国重要的能源矿产基地和诸多国家战略的核心区。该区地处干旱区，水资源短缺是制约社会经济发展和生态环境保护修复的主要因素，查明水资源开发利用中的问题，提出针对性的对策建议是实现水资源可持续利用与环境保护的重要保障。
研究方法 通过系统收集分析前人已有成果，从南疆地区的水资源开发利用现状、存在的问题与对策建议3个方面进行论述。
研究结果 南疆地区的水资源主要形成于山区，山区的降水和冰雪融水是河流的主要补给源。河流出山后，地表水与地下水频繁转化，最终以蒸散发的形式消亡于流域下游。南疆地区多年平均水资源451亿m3，其中地表水资源量432亿m3，地下水资源量268亿m3，重复量249亿m3。近年的开发利用量已达327亿m3，开发利用程度超过70%，远超过水资源开发利用的警戒线，总体上已处于过度开发状态。南疆地区的地表水水质总体较好，优于Ⅲ类水的地表水占94%。地下水的水质从山前倾斜平原向盆地腹部，浅层地下水水质逐渐变差，由Ⅰ-Ⅲ类转变成Ⅳ-Ⅴ类地下水（高矿化度水），部分地区常规水化学、有机物含量等超标。水资源开发利用中的主要问题有水资源利用效率和效益偏低、水资源不合理开发利用造成土壤盐渍化和沙漠化等环境问题、生态需水量的估算存在较大不确定性以及气候变化对水资源的影响研究不足等。
结论 针对以上问题，应大力发展节水农业及提高咸水的资源化利用程度，统筹上、中、下游的水资源调度，优化水资源在生活、生态、生产之间的配置，加强南疆地区气候变化对水资源的影响研究以及生态需水量研究。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective The southern Xinjiang is characterized by an important mineral and energy base and a key area of many national strategies. Water resources shortage is a key factor that hinders the social and economic developments as well as ecological protection and restoration in the southern Xinjiang where the climate is arid. To secure sustainable water resources development and environmental protection, identifying water-related issues and taking countermeasures are required.
Methods Through a systematic synthesis on previous studies, the current status, issues and countermeasures of water resources development will be discussed.
Results Water resources originate from the mountainous regions where rivers receive precipitation and snow (glacier) melting water contribution. The interaction between groundwater and surface water is frequent after rivers flow out of the mountains and water resources are consumed by evaporation finally at lowest reaches. The mean annual water resources are 4.51 × 1010 m3 among which surface water resources are 4.32×1010 m3, groundwater resources are 2.68×1010 m3, and the overlapping resources are 2.49 × 1010 m3. The consumption in recent years reaches 3.27 × 1010 m3, corresponding to a development level of over 70% that significantly exceeds the alarming level. The development rate indicates that water resources are over-used currently. Surface water quality is good in general, water quality superior to the third category accounts for 94%. Groundwater water quality becomes worse from the piedmont plains to the heart of the basin, and decreases from Ⅰ-Ⅲ level to Ⅳ-Ⅴ level (high total dissolved solids). In some areas, common elements and organic pollutants exceed the safety levels. The main problems related to water resources development are low efficiency and output of water resources, salinization and desertification due to unreasonable water development, high uncertainty on ecological water use and limited studies on the impact of climate change on water resources.
Conclusions Aiming to solving these questions, water-saving agriculture and saline water use should expand, the water allocation among different reaches (upper, middle and lower) and sectors (human, ecology and production) should be considered and detailed studies on the impact of climate change on water resources and on the ecological water demand should be carried out.
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Key words:
- water resources /
- desert /
- arid areas /
- issues /
- countermeasures /
- hydrogeological survey engineering /
- southern Xinjiang
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