Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil in Silong and Beiwan towns, Baiyin city, Gansu Province
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摘要:
研究目的 甘肃省白银地区矿业发达，矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重，掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。
研究方法 以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象，采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）污染进行了分析和评价。
研究结果 单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染，单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁，8.63%为二等轻微污染，0.72%为三等轻度污染，1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数PAs显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁，5.04%为二等轻微污染，0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数Pz介于0.339~2.869，均值为0.603；Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁，7.91%为轻微污染，5.04%为轻度污染，1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级，以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示，研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主；Cd潜在生态风险最大，10.07%属于中潜在风险，5.04%属于较高潜在风险，1.44%属于很高潜在风险；潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80，表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致，即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主，应加强监测。
结论 以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究，结果显示北岸灌淤土区（B区）污染最为严重，与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高，水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显，进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主，而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁，但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年，随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施，土壤污染有所缓解，但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移，对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。
Abstract:This paper is the result of environmental geological survey engineering.
Objective The mining industry in the Baiyin region of Gansu Province is well−developed, leading to severe heavy metal soil contamination. Grasping the influence of heavy metal contamination of the soil and its potential risks to ecological health is significant in protecting the environment.
Methods Taking the surface soils in the four−dragon town−north bay town farmland area of Baiyin region of Gansu Province as the research object, four methods, namely the single−factor index, Nemerow comprehensive index (PZ), geochemical accumulation index, and potential ecological risk index (RI), were used to analyze and evaluate the heavy metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) contamination in the region.
Results The single−factor index results showed that the soil pollution in the study area was mainly Cd and As, in which the levels of PCd were at firstclass cleanliness (89.21%), slight second−class pollution (8.63%), third−class light pollution (0.72%), fourth−class medium pollution (1.44%), and the levels of PAs was at first−class cleanliness (94.24%), slight second−class pollution (5.04%), fourth−class medium pollution (0.72%). PZ ranged from 0.339 to 2.869, with an average of 0.603, indicating that 85.61% of the soil was clean, 7.91% was slightly polluted, 5.04% was lightly polluted, and 1.44% was moderately polluted. The geochemical accumulation index results showed that the heavy metal contamination of the soil in the study area was generally at the level of 0−2, mainly Cd, Hg, As, and Pb. In the potential ecological risk area, Cd and Hg were the main pollution factors. Cd had the highest potential ecological risk, with 10.07% belonging to medium potential risk, 5.04% to relatively high potential risk, and 1.44% to very high potential risk. The average value of the RI was 211.80, indicating that the soil in the area was generally at a medium danger level. The four evaluation methods were consistent overall, indicating that the study area was mainly contaminated by Cd, As, and Hg and should be strengthened for monitoring.
Conclusion Through the divisional study of the survey area with the Yellow River as the boundary, the results showed that the soil of the north bank of the irrigation and silt area (Area B) was the most polluted, and the pollution level was the highest at the junction of East Dagou River. The heavy metal analysis results of the water and sediment samples also confirmed that the pollution of East Dagou River was more obvious, further confirming that the north of the study area was mainly polluted by the East Dagou River basin of Baiyin mine, while the soil on the south bank of the Yellow River was relatively clean, but was still affected to a certain extent. In recent years, soil pollution has been alleviated to some extent with the measures of Yellow River irrigation and mining environmental governance. However, the heavy metals accumulated in the soil need long−term natural degradation or migration, and monitoring and governance should be strengthened for the high−risk areas.
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表 1 土壤样品分析方法
Table 1. Soil samples analysis method
序号 分析方法 项数 测定元素 1 等离子体质谱法（ICP−MS/AES） 3 Cu、Cd、Ni 2 X射线荧光光谱法（XRF） 3 Cr、Pb、Zn 3 原子荧光光谱法（AFS） 2 As、Hg 
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表 2 表层土壤重金属描述性统计
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of heavy metals in surface soil
重金属元素 平均值/
(mg/kg)中位数/
(mg/kg)标准差 变异系数
(Cv)最大值/
(mg/kg)最小值/
(mg/kg)甘肃省土壤环境背景值
（mg/kg）调查区平均值/甘肃省
土壤环境背景值全国丰度/
(mg/kg)As 14.61 13.5 5.68 0.39 73.6 9 12.7 1.15 10 Hg 0.0543 0.0350 53.20 0.98 0.3560 0.0130 0.02 2.72 0.04 Cd 0.0418 0.0275 0.44 1.05 3.1130 0.0960 0.116 0.36 0.09 Cr 73.65 73.80 4.87 0.07 85.1 58.40 70.2 1.05 65 Cu 26.98 24.50 6.11 0.23 56 18.00 24.1 1.12 24 Ni 30.35 30.10 3.04 0.10 39.4 20.80 35.2 0.86 26 Pb 27.44 24.20 9.90 0.36 101.2 19.70 18.8 1.46 23 Zn 75.96 67.20 22.37 0.29 186.2 45.50 68.5 1.11 68 注：甘肃省土壤环境背景值参考中国环境监测总站（1990）编《中国土壤元素背景值》 ；全国丰度参考鄢明才等（1997）。
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表 3 利用GeoIPAS计算的土壤重金属元素背景值及异常下限
Table 3. Background levels of heavy metals insoil by GeoIPAS software
重金属元素 As Hg Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn 背景值/(mg/kg) 13.49 0.0326 0.2674 73.73 24.79 30.08 24.49 66.76 甘肃省土壤环境背景值/(mg/kg) 12.7 0.02 0.116 70.2 24.1 35.2 18.8 68.5 异常下限 15.54 0.0627 0.4681 78.12 30.06 33.56 29.97 82.19
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表 4 研究区黄河两岸分区土壤元素地球化学参数统计
Table 4. Geochemistry parameter statistics of heavy metals on both sides of the Yellow River in the study area
研究区分区 重金属
元素平均值/
(mg/kg)标准差 最大值/
(mg/kg)最小值/
(mg/kg)A区
（35个样品）As 14.91 10.17 73.60 9.33 Hg 33.31 30.48 200.73 15.33 Cd 0.3606 508.62 3.1127 0.0960 Cr 72.26 5.78 80.10 58.40 Cu 25.83 4.86 41.61 19.15 Ni 29.64 2.96 35.79 23.00 Pb 27.55 13.77 101.20 19.70 Zn 68.3 14.41 127.5 47.8 B区
（47个样品）As 16.36 3.12 25.41 12.35 Hg 95.75 68.31 356.38 20.41 Cd 0.6841 502.2300 2.7944 0.2333 Cr 75.96 5.05 85.10 59.00 Cu 32.02 6.64 55.96 21.33 Ni 32.22 2.99 39.43 26.72 Pb 32.62 9.54 69.00 21.60 Zn 95.19 25.97 186.20 63.80 C区（24个样品） As 12.83 1.24 14.66 9.01 Hg 42.06 18.40 87.66 14.06 Cd 0.2613 6271.17 0.4554 0.1262 Cr 71.05 3.42 75.30 62.00 Cu 24.03 2.77 29.44 17.98 Ni 28.51 2.44 31.79 20.77 Pb 23.58 1.96 26.90 20.30 Zn 66.45 8.82 87.60 45.50 D区（30个样品） As 13.01 0.90 15.71 11.34 Hg 24.56 6.25 43.00 13.02 Cd 0.2013 40.4600 298.9100 133.3900 Cr 73.64 1.80 79.10 70.60 Cu 23.03 1.32 26.44 19.35 Ni 29.77 1.73 33.44 26.13 Pb 22.54 1.35 25.10 20.00 Zn 62.75 3.14 71.60 58.30
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表 5 土壤重金属环境质量等级划分及其表达
Table 5. Classification and expression of heavy metal environment quality in soil
指标 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 单因子污染
指数描述Pi≤1
清洁1<Pi≤2
轻微污染2<Pi≤3
轻度污染3<Pi≤5
中度污染Pi＞5
重度污染内梅罗综合
指数描述PZ≤0.7
清洁0.7<PZ≤1
轻微污染1<PZ≤2
轻度污染2<PZ≤3
中度污染PZ＞3
重度污染
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表 6 地积累指数和潜在生态风险评价等级划分及其表达
Table 6. Classification standards of geo-accumulation index
指标 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 六等 七等 地积累指数
描述Igeo<0
无污染0≤Igeo<1
无污染到中度污染1≤Igeo<2
中度污染2≤Igeo<3
中度污染到强污染3≤Igeo<4
强污染4≤Igeo<5
强污染到极强污染Igeo≥5
极强污染单项潜在生态风险系数
描述Eri<40
低潜在风险40≤Eri<80
中潜在风险80≤Eri<160
较高潜在风险160≤Eri<320
很高潜在风险Eri≥320
极高潜在风险潜在生态风险指数
描述RI<150
低潜在风险150≤RI<300
中潜在风险300≤RI<600
较高潜在风险RI≥600
很高潜在风险
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表 7 研究区土壤重金属元素单因子污染指数和内梅罗指数法评价等级样品数占比统计
Table 7. Proportion of samples evaluated by single factor pollution index and Nemerow index method in the soil of the investigated area
评价指标 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 单因子污染
指数描述Pi≤1
清洁1<Pi≤2
轻微污染2<Pi≤3
轻度污染3<Pi≤5
中度污染Pi＞5
重度污染Cd 89.21% 8.63% 0.72% 1.44% 0 As 94.24% 5.04% 0 0.72% 0 内梅罗综合
指数描述PZ≤0.7
清洁0.7<PZ≤1
轻微污染1<PZ≤2
轻度污染2<PZ≤3
中度污染PZ＞3
重度污染Pz 85.61% 7.91% 5.04% 1.44%
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表 8 调查区土壤重金属元素地累积指数法评价等级样品数占比统计（%）
Table 8. Statistics on the number of samples of geochemical grade evaluation of heavy metal elements in the study area (%)
评价 指标 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 六等 七等 地
累
积
指
数
法Igeo
描述Igeo<0
无污染0≤Igeo<1
无污染到中度污染1≤Igeo<2
中度污染2≤Igeo<3
中度污染到强污染3≤Igeo<4
强污染4≤Igeo<5
强污染到极强污染Igeo≥5
极强污染As 94.96 4.32 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hg 62.59 26.62 7.91 2.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cd 69.78 19.42 8.63 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cr 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cu 92.09 7.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ni 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pb 89.93 9.35 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zn 89.93 10.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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表 9 调查区土壤重金属元素潜在生态风险法评价等级样品数占比统计（%）
Table 9. Statistics on the number of samples of geochemical grade evaluation of heavy metal elements in the study area（%）
评价 指标 一等 二等 三等 四等 五等 单项潜在生态风险系数 Eri
描述Eri<40
低潜在风险40≤Eri<80
中潜在风险80≤Eri<160
较高潜在风险160≤Eri<320
很高潜在风险Eri≥320
极高潜在风险As 99.28 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cd 70.50 20.14 7.19 2.16 0.00 Cr 83.45 10.07 5.04 1.44 0.00 Cu 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hg 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ni 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pb 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zn 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 潜在生态风险指数 RI
描述RI<150
低潜在风险150≤RI<300
中潜在风险300≤RI<600
较高潜在风险RI≥600
很高潜在风险RI 86.33 10.79 2.88
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表 10 水体中重金属含量统计特征
Table 10. Statistical characteristics of the heavy mental contents in the water samples
元素 最大值/
(mg/L)平均值/
(mg/L)标准差 变异系数 地表水环境
Ⅳ级标准/(mg/L)Cu 30.63 4.796 10.55 2.20 1 Pb 1.019 0.1759 0.28 1.61 0.05 Zn 77.35 13.34 25.25 1.89 2 Cd 0.8633 0.2164 0.27 1.23 0.005 As 0.152 0.048 0.05 1.12 0.1 Hg 0.00279 0.00057 0.0009 1.49 0.001
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表 11 底泥中重金属含量统计特征
Table 11. Statistical characteristics of the heavy mental contents in the sediments
元素 最大值/10−6 平均值/10−6 标准差 变异系数 甘肃省土壤
背景值/10−6Cr 80.1 61.6 10.6 0.2 70.2 Zn 13800 5999.3 4417.7 0.7 68.5 Pb 15900 4819.5 5387.4 1.1 18.8 Cu 8449.8 1795.6 2282.6 1.3 24.1 Cd 2908 502.816 832.31 1.7 0.116 Hg 476.6 65.07 129.15 2 0.02
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