Sources and control factors of main ions and dissolved inorganic carbon in karst water of the Huixian karst wetland, Guangxi
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摘要:
研究目的 为查明会仙岩溶湿地水体主要离子和溶解无机碳（DIC）的来源及控制因素。
研究方法 于会仙岩溶湿地采集地下水和地表水样品，分析了水化学和溶解无机碳同位素（δ13CDIC）参数特征。
研究结果 会仙岩溶湿地大部分的地下水和地表水水化学类型为Ca−HCO3。湿地水体Ca2+、Mg2+与HCO3−主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶蚀；NO3−主要来源为农业化肥和土壤有机氮的硝化；K+、Na+和Cl−主要来源为化肥、粪肥和污水等；SO42−主要来源为酸雨和硫铁矿的氧化。湿地地下水中DIC主要来源于土壤CO2和碳酸盐岩矿物的溶解，据同位素质量平衡，计算结果显示约46%来自于土壤CO2，约54%来源于矿物本身的贡献。会仙岩溶湿地不完全是CO2参与下碳酸盐岩风化的结果，含硫矿物、酸雨和人类活动来源的H2SO4作为侵蚀介质也参与碳酸盐岩的风化，此外，农业输入还原态氮肥的硝化作用不容忽视。湿地地表水中DIC主要来源于地下水，湿地地表水中δ13CDIC值受水生植物的光合作用和CO2脱气的影响，组成较地下水相对富集偏正。
结论 水化学和δ13CDIC可以帮助理解岩溶湿地的风化和生物地球化学过程，同时还应结合湿地水文地质和人为活动等条件才能提供更准确的信息。
Abstract:This paper is the result of hydrogeological survey engineering.
Objective In order to determine the sources and control factors of main ions and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water of the Huixian karst wetland,
Methods groundwater and surface water samples were collected from the Huixian karst wetland to analyze the hydrochemical ions and dissolved inorganic carbon isotope(δ13CDIC).
Results The Ca−HCO3 water was identified as a main hydrochemical type in most water samples of the Huixian karst wetland. The dissolution of carbonate rock was primary contributor to Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3−, while NO3− was mainly derived from synthetic fertilizers and soil organic nitrogen. Moreover, K+, Na+, and Cl− were driven by the mixed inputs of synthetic fertilizer, manure, and sewage, and the acid rain and pyrite oxidation contributed more to karst water SO42−. Further, karst water DIC was respectively derived from the soil CO2 with the contribution rate of 46% and from the carbonate minerals with the contribution rate of 54% according to the obtained result from isotopic mass balance. In addition to the H2CO3 produced from CO2 and H2O, the H2SO4 derived from sulfur−containing minerals, acid rain, and anthropogenic emissions was involved in carbonate weathering in the Huixian karst wetland. Additionally, microbial nitrification processes of the reduced nitrogen fertilizers could be also ignored in the study area. For the surface water, the DIC was mainly derived from groundwater recharges, and the value of δ13CDIC was affected by the photosynthesis of aquatic plants and CO2 degassing, thereby resulting in the more enrichment of δ13CDIC compared with that in groundwater.
Conclusions The obtained results provided insights into the understanding of minerals weathering and biogeochemical processes, and also highlighted the control factors of hydrogeological conditions and human activities in precisely determining hydrochemical mechanisms in the karst wetland.
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表 1 湿地水体水化学及溶解无机碳同位素参数
Table 1. Hydrochemical and dissolved inorganic carbon isotope parameters of wetland water
水体类型 编号 pH Ca2+/
(mg/L)Mg2+/
(mg/L)Na+/
(mg/L)K+/
(mg/L)Cl−/
(mg/L)SO42−/
(mg/L−)NO3−/
(mg/L)HCO3−/
(mg/L)TDS/
(mg/L)δ13CDIC/
‰lg
（pCO2)SIC 地下水 G1 7.20 76.89 6.02 7.85 2.25 12.00 15.35 37.18 208.50 268.16 −12.92 −1.61 −0.16 G2 7.35 73.45 4.43 1.99 3.11 4.04 16.46 3.11 220.90 224.25 −8.00 −1.58 −0.15 G3 7.49 55.62 5.22 16.69 5.82 13.13 20.60 4.66 191.60 227.73 −13.79 −1.64 −0.33 G4 6.96 22.81 6.21 3.73 2.34 8.89 9.94 31.03 54.10 117.72 −9.38 −2.17 −1.19 G5 7.46 61.74 2.84 1.67 1.12 7.24 6.63 47.94 139.75 202.48 −6.93 −1.77 −0.40 G6 7.44 81.25 11.94 14.75 63.80 20.08 48.49 79.24 258.10 453.77 −12.92 −1.52 −0.09 G7 7.50 78.88 8.80 9.49 55.45 14.47 30.85 65.28 256.97 404.94 −12.40 −1.52 −0.09 G8 7.13 112.70 5.47 7.24 0.35 12.84 6.32 116.75 240.06 386.72 −10.38 −1.55 0.04 G9 7.35 67.26 4.54 21.58 31.44 18.08 47.92 26.47 207.38 329.30 −13.22 −1.61 −0.24 G10 7.49 80.31 1.46 2.04 2.09 3.14 10.74 8.21 225.41 228.88 −11.77 −1.57 −0.10 G11 7.44 70.71 5.10 0.87 0.82 2.33 16.53 1.43 207.38 207.40 −11.62 −1.61 −0.19 G12 7.09 269.25 246.70 1.58 1.00 4.36 1374.8 28.70 254.72 2059.71 −10.06 −1.58 0.11 平均值 7.33 87.57 25.73 7.46 14.13 10.05 133.72 37.5 205.41 425.92 −11.12 −1.64 −0.23 地表水 R1 7.54 59.91 6.11 4.74 6.04 9.20 8.31 <0.05 213.02 213.12 −9.63 −1.59 −0.25 R2 7.55 65.15 5.75 1.72 2.95 5.32 11.92 <0.05 202.87 201.98 −7.45 −1.61 −0.23 R3 7.37 54.20 4.56 1.58 2.31 3.74 7.66 2.18 175.82 170.89 −10.05 −1.67 −0.36 R4 7.52 49.49 4.82 1.87 3.33 4.03 7.59 1.44 169.06 163.31 −6.27 −1.69 −0.41 R5 7.35 50.23 4.62 2.02 2.49 2.96 7.76 2.00 166.80 161.52 −10.73 −1.70 −0.41 R6 7.42 62.56 7.78 4.08 3.72 6.39 12.99 1.44 209.63 211.98 −11.47 −1.60 −0.24 R7 7.32 42.50 5.82 2.39 6.10 5.54 6.78 1.46 153.28 152.64 −6.22 −1.73 −0.51 R8 7.15 52.29 9.56 2.69 4.50 8.87 9.33 <0.05 185.96 189.35 −10.07 −1.65 −0.36 R9 7.57 53.54 8.56 1.86 7.59 10.16 8.50 <0.05 229.92 226.65 −10.09 −1.56 −0.26 R10 7.26 46.19 7.09 2.27 3.99 6.80 8.13 <0.05 162.30 164.10 −10.51 −1.71 −0.46 R11 7.38 53.50 8.05 2.44 5.48 7.47 8.42 <0.05 196.11 195.30 −9.74 −1.63 −0.32 平均值 7.40 53.60 6.61 2.51 4.41 6.41 8.85 − 187.71 186.44 −9.29 −1.65 −0.35 
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表 2 地下水中DIC不同来源所占比例
Table 2. Proportion of different sources of DIC in groundwater
水体类型 编号 δ13CDIC（V−PDB，‰） lg（pCO2) SIc 土壤CO2源 碳酸盐岩源 地下水 G1 −12.92 −1.61 −0.16 0.53 0.47 G2 −8.00 −1.58 −0.15 0.33 0.67 G3 −13.79 −1.64 −0.33 0.57 0.43 G4 −9.38 −2.17 −1.19 0.38 0.62 G5 −6.93 −1.77 −0.40 0.28 0.72 G6 −12.92 −1.52 −0.09 0.53 0.47 G7 −12.40 −1.52 −0.09 0.51 0.49 G8 −10.38 −1.55 0.04 0.43 0.57 G9 −13.22 −1.61 −0.24 0.54 0.46 G10 −11.77 −1.57 −0.10 0.48 0.52 G11 −11.62 −1.61 −0.19 0.48 0.52 G12 −10.06 −1.58 0.11 0.41 0.59 平均值 −11.12 −1.64 −0.23 0.46 0.54
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