Development status of underground space energy storage at home and abroad and geological survey suggestions
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摘要:
研究目的 在现代能源体系中，能源储备占有举足轻重的地位，强化能源储备体系，保障能源稳定供应，处理好国际国内能源市场上各种突发事件的影响，这是中国能源发展中的一个重要课题。
研究方法 本文从地下空间储备设施类型出发，并结合全球的地下空间储备设施建设与相关研究实验，深入对比分析世界和中国在储油、储气等方面的发展现状，由此提出保障能源安全的合理化建议。
研究结果 （1）利用地下空间进行储能是未来能源储备维护的重要方向。这是天然气调峰、可再生能源可持续供应、大规模高效利用氢气的有效途径。发展地下空间储能是实现中国碳中和和能源结构升级的关键问题；（2）全球地下空间储能设施主要分为五类：盐穴、水封洞库、含水层、枯竭油气藏和废弃矿坑；（3）国外开展地下空间储能设施建设比较早，在地下储能电站、地下储氢设施建设、石油储备和天然气储备等方面都要领先。
结论 在复杂的国际背景下，中国能源安全面临严峻挑战。开展地下空间储能能力调查、建立更多的地下空间储备设施和与相关企业共同开展全国地下储库规划势在必行。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geological survey engineering.
Objective In the modern energy system, energy reserve plays an important role. Strengthening the energy reserve system, ensuring stable energy supply, and handling the impact of various emergencies in the international and domestic energy markets are an important topic in China's energy development.
Methods Based on the types of underground space storage facilities, combined with the construction of global underground space storage facilities and related research experiments, this paper deeply compares and analyzes the development status of oil and gas storage in the world and China, so as to put forward reasonable suggestions to ensure energy security.
Results (1) The utilization of underground space for energy storage is an important direction of future energy storage maintenance. This is an effective way to peak regulation of natural gas, sustainable supply of renewable energy and efficient use of hydrogen on a large scale. The development of underground space energy storage is a key issue to achieve carbon neutrality and upgrade China's energy structure; (2) Global underground space energy storage facilities can be divided into five categories: salt cavern, water-sealed cavern, aquifer, depleted oil and gas reservoir and abandoned mine; (3) The construction of underground space energy storage facilities was carried out earlier in foreign countries, which should take the lead in the construction of underground energy storage power stations, underground hydrogen storage facilities, oil reserves and natural gas reserves.
Conclusions In the complex international background, China's energy security faces severe challenges. It is imperative to investigate the energy storage capacity of underground space, establish more underground space storage facilities and carry out national underground storage planning together with related enterprises.
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图 1 地下空间中潜在的储库主要有盐穴、含水层、枯竭油气藏和废弃矿坑（据Crotogino et al., 2018修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 地下水封洞库储油原理（据王梦恕和杨会军，2008修改）
Figure 2.
表 1 中国储气库（群）主要设计参数（数据来源于朱健颖等，2021）
Table 1. Chinese gas storage main design parameters (data from Zhu Jianying et al., 2021)
序号 储气库（群） 地理位置 库容
/亿m3工作气量
/亿m3形成调峰能力
/亿m3主管企业 1 大庆群库 黑龙江大庆 4.3 2.7 0.5 中国石油 2 辽河双6 辽宁盘锦 55.2 30.0 20.5 3 辽河雷61 辽宁盘锦 5.3 3.4 0.5 4 双驼子 吉林松原 11.2 5.1 0.3 5 华北苏桥 河北永清 67.0 23.0 10.0 6 大港板南 天津滨海 7.8 4.3 2.0 7 长庆峡224 陕西靖边 10.4 5.0 3.3 8 长庆苏东39-61 陕西靖边 19.2 8.0 0.1 9 长庆榆37 陕西靖边 6.0 2.7 0.1 10 新疆呼图壁 新疆呼图壁 117.0 45.0 29.0 11 西南相国寺 重庆市渝北区 43.0 23.0 23.0 12 中原文96 河南濮阳 5.9 3.0 3.0 中国石化 13 江苏金坛 江苏金坛 11.8 7.2 1.5 14 江汉黄场 湖北潜江 2.3 1.4 0.5 15 大港库群 天津大港 69.0 30.4 19.0 国家管网 16 华北库群 河北永清 18.7 7.5 7.5 17 江苏金坛 江苏金坛 26.0 17.1 7.8 18 江苏刘庄 江苏刘庄 4.6 2.5 2.5 19 中原文23 河南濮阳 84.3 32.7 22.0 20 金坛 江苏金坛 12.0 7.0 1.7 港华储气有限公司 合计 581 261 154.8 
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表 2 中国建成及在建压缩空气储能项目情况
Table 2. Energy storage projects built and under construction of compressed air in China
建成年份 并网年份 地点 示范工程项目 压缩空气储能技术 发电装机量 系统效率 投资额 2013 — 河北廊坊 1.5 MW级非补燃超临界压缩空气储能系统示范工程 超临界压缩空气储能 1.5 MW 52.1% — 2014 — 安徽芜湖 500 kW非补燃压缩空气储能示范工程 绝热压缩空气储能 500 kW 40% 3000万 2016 — 青海西宁 100 kW光热复合压缩空气储能实验电站 绝热压缩空气储能 100 kW 51% — 2017 2021.10 贵州毕节 10 MW先进压缩空气储能示范平台 液态空气储能 10 MW 60.20% — 2018 — 江苏苏州 国网江苏同里综合能源服务中心内500 kW液态空气储能示范项目 液态空气储能 500 kW — — 2021 2021.09 山东肥城 盐穴先进压缩空气储能调峰电站一期10 MW示范电站 绝热压缩空气储能 10 MW 60.70% 1亿 2021 2021.12 河北张家口 国际首套100 MW/400 MW·h先进压缩空气储能国家示范项目 液态空气储能 100 MW 70.40% 8.4亿 2021 2022.05 江苏金坛 中盐金坛盐穴压缩空气储能电站国家示范工程一期60 MW/300 MW·h项目 绝热压缩空气储能 60 MW 60%以上 4.3亿 2022年6月开工 河南平顶山市叶县 200 MW盐穴先进压缩空气储能电站 绝热压缩空气储能 200 MW — 15亿 2022年7月通过可行性评审，待开工 江苏淮安 苏盐集团465 MW/2600 MW·h盐穴压缩空气储能项目 绝热压缩空气储能 465 MW — — 数据来源：据文贤馗等, 2018；吴皓文等, 2021综合整理。“—”表示数据未知。
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表 3 世界目前正在运行的地下储氢设施
Table 3. The underground hydrogen storage facilities currently in operation in the world
序号 盐穴项目名称 位置 开始运行
时间容量
/万m3基准深度/m 压力/105 Pa 储氢量/t 储能量/(GW·h) 1 ClemensDome 美国德克萨斯州 1986年 58 1000 70~137 2400 81 2 Mass Bluss 美国德克萨斯州 2007年 56.6 1200 55~152 3690 123 3 Spindletop 美国德克萨斯州 2014年 90.6 1340 68~202 8230 274 4 Teesside 英国英格兰东北部 1972年 21 365 45 810 27
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