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摘要:
研究目的 随着中国能源结构调整的逐步进行和煤炭去产能政策的实施，近年来关闭/废弃煤矿数量有所增加。常规地热开采通常面临着投资成本大、易诱发地质环境灾害等问题，而关闭/废弃煤矿含有丰富的热水以及空间资源，有效降低地热资源开发风险与投资成本。矿山地热不同于常规的浅层地热和中深层水热，也不同于油田地热，有其自身的特征，因此，需要采用不同的地热开发利用技术。
研究方法 本文通过文献综述法，总结了中国煤矿山地热资源分布特征。在分析矿山地热资源开发利用方法的基础上，提出将矿山地热能及造成的热害转变为地热资源有效加以利用的方式，论述了矿井地热开发理论在实际案例中的运用，对矿山地热资源开发利用的多种方式进行可行性的探索分析。
研究结果 （1）矿井水地热资源利用方法大致分为两大类：地热回收闭式系统和地热回收开式系统；（2）中国26个主要产煤省份，高地温矿井分布在河南、江苏、山东等13个省份。主要赋煤区地热资源热储量为1.12×1019 kJ，折合标煤3795.39亿t，其中74.66%的煤矿地热资源量位于华北；（3）以山东唐口煤矿为例建立地热资源利用模型，探讨了中国煤矿山地热资源利用的可行性方案；（4）提出了多种矿井水地热发展方向，建立“煤−水−热”的联动联采研究以及智能化的监控系统、探索矿井水中提取锂等价值高的元素、利用地热将废弃煤矿改造成地下农场等。
结论 碳减排是应对气候变化的关键挑战之一。利用废弃煤矿山中的地热资源，可以减少对传统化石燃料的依赖，降低二氧化碳和其他温室气体的排放量，为碳减排目标做出积极贡献。但中国矿山水文地质条件复杂，不可照搬国外典型矿山地热资源开发利用经验，应当积极探索适用于中国的废弃矿井地热应用新模式。
Abstract:This paper is the result of geothermal exploration engineering.
Objective With the gradual adjustment of China's energy structure and the implementation of coal capacity reduction policy, the number of closed/abandoned coal mines has increased in recent years. Under normal circumstances, conventional geothermal mining faces problems such as large investment costs and easy to induce geological and environmental disasters, while closed/abandoned coal mines contain abundant hot water and space resources, which effectively reduces the risk and investment cost of geothermal resource development. Mine geothermal is different from conventional shallow geothermal and medium and deep hydrothermal heat, and also different from oil field geothermal heat, and has its own characteristics, so it is necessary to adopt different geothermal development and utilization technologies.
Methods This paper summarizes the distribution characteristics of geothermal resources in coal mines in China by literature review method. On the basis of analyzing the development and utilization methods of mine geothermal resources, this paper proposes a way to transform mine geothermal energy and the heat damage caused by it into effective utilization of geothermal resources, discusses the application of mine geothermal development theory in practical cases, and explores and analyzes the feasibility of various ways of mine geothermal resource development and utilization.
Results (1) The utilization methods of mine water geothermal resources are roughly divided into two categories: geothermal recovery closed system and geothermal recovery open system; (2) China's 26 major coal−producing provinces, high−altitude temperature mines are distributed in 13 provinces such as Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong. The thermal reserves of geothermal resources in the main coal−endowed areas are 1.12×1019 kJ, equivalent to 379.539 billion tons of standard coal, of which 74.66% of the geothermal resources of coal mines are located in North China; (3) Taking Shandong Tangkou Coal Mine as an example, a geothermal resource utilization model was established, and the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization in coal mines in China was discussed. (4) We put forward a variety of mine water geothermal development directions, establish "coal−water−heat" linkage research and intelligent monitoring system, explore the extraction of lithium and other high−value elements from mine water, and use geothermal energy to transform abandoned coal mines into underground farms.
Conclusions Carbon reduction is one of the key challenges in addressing climate change. The use of geothermal resources in abandoned coal mines can reduce dependence on traditional fossil fuels, reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, and make a positive contribution to carbon emission reduction goals, but China's mine hydrogeological conditions are complex, and the development and utilization experience of typical mines in foreign countries cannot be copied, and a new mode of geothermal application suitable for abandoned mines in China should be actively explored.
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图 1 废弃矿井地热提取利用模式 （据Banks et al., 2019）
Figure 1.
图 3 约克郡煤矿现场示意图 （据Faraldo Sanchez, 2007）
Figure 3.
图 4 使用燃气、电力和热泵加热系统的效率和碳排放量比较（据Athresh et al.，2015）
Figure 4.
表 1 中国各赋煤区地热资源量（据汪集旸等, 2023）
Table 1. Geothermal resources in various coal mining areas in China (after Wang Jiyang et al., 2023)
赋煤区 煤炭资源比例/% 热储量 可采热储量 地热资源比例/% 热量/1018kJ 折合标煤/亿t 热量/1017kJ 折合标煤/亿t 东北赋煤区 23.8% 0.86 284.07 1.25 42.61 7.48 华北赋煤区 东区 11.5% 2.89 985.16 4.33 147.77 25.96 西区 >46% 5.41 1848.51 8.25 277.28 48.70 华南赋煤区 7% 1.24 421.89 2.15 63.28 11.12 西北赋煤区 11.7% 0.75 255.76 1.08 38.36 6.74 滇藏赋煤区 <1% 合计 100 11.20 3795.39 17.1 569.31 100.00 
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表 2 中国部分矿山地热情况统计（据吴洪国, 2017; 万志军等, 2018）
Table 2. Statistics of geothermal conditions in some mines in China (after Wu Hongguo, 2017; Wan Zhijun et al., 2018)
区域 矿井名称 采深/m 最高气温/℃ 最高岩温/℃ 地温梯度/（℃ ·hm−1） 最高水温/℃ 江苏 徐州张双楼矿 1000 35.0 40.6 4.00 30 徐州三河尖矿 1010 36 46.8 3.24 50 徐州大屯矿 1015 37 40.4 2.36~2.42 26 徐州旗山矿 1100 30.0 41.9 2.60 徐州夹河矿 1200 36.0 40.0 2.21 30 徐州张小楼矿 1200 33.5 42.0 1.64 徐州张集矿 1260 51.5 2.65
安徽淮南新集一矿 550 33.6 36.4 3.20 35 淮南潘一矿 650 36.0 40.0 3.00 淮南顾桥矿 800 36 40.1 3.08 淮南潘三矿 810 40.0 43.0 3.42 淮南丁集矿 826 40.0 43.0 2.52~4.02 淮北涡北矿 700 36.0 35.5 1.00~4.20 25 阜阳谢桥矿 720 33.0 41.1 2.00~2.50 阜阳刘庄矿 900 34.0 38.5 3.00 山东 兖州东滩矿 660 31.0 33.0 2.30 汶上阳城煤矿 1100 36 1.86 兖州赵楼矿 840 35.0 45.0 2.20 济宁三号井 838 33.0 35.3 2.44~2.96 29 枣庄朝阳矿 880 32.0 34.2 2.11 淄博唐口矿 1025 35.0 37.0 2.00 新汶协庄矿 1010 34.0 37.0 3.00 45 新汶孙村矿 1500 35.0 48.0 2.70 45 新汶新巨龙煤矿 900 39.0 44.7 3.23 47 新汶华恒煤矿 1200 37.0 2.61 新汶潘西煤矿 740 42.5 35 1.6~2 36 河南 平顶山四矿 840 30.0 40.0 4.00 平顶山五矿 909 35.0 50.0 3.60 平顶山六矿 900 35.0 53.0 4.10 平顶山八矿 660 35.0 43.0 3.00 62 平顶山十矿 960 32.0 39.0 4.00 平顶山十三矿 750 31.0 40.0 4.50 新政赵家寨矿 610 31.0 3.50 32 义马跃进矿 960 32.0 2.00 许昌梁北矿 680 30.0 37.0 2.87 42 永城城郊矿 750 33.0 39.0 2.62 35 河北 邯郸梧桐庄矿 680 30.0 35.0 2.90 45 邯郸磁西矿 1200 30.0 37.0 3.00 开滦钱家营矿 860 33.0 46.0 3.00~5.90 辽宁 抚顺老虎台矿 715 33.0 42.0 3.60~4.30 48~51 抚顺东风矿 800 33.0 30.0 2.70~4.60 48~51 鸡西东海矿 1100 34.0 39.0 3.70 沈阳红阳三矿 1050 38.0 43.0 4.30 沈阳大强矿 1242 41.0 43.0 3.42 宁夏 宁东羊场湾矿 1100 32.0 37.0 3.36 灵武市梅花井矿 450 33.0 38.0 3.12 贵州 遵义东山矿 975 29.5 35.0 3.50 湖南 郴州周源山矿 1000 33.0 42.7 4.20
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表 3 开闭式系统对比（据浦海等, 2021）
Table 3. Comparison of open-loop and closed-loop systems (after Pu Hai et al., 2021)
类型 系统优点 系统缺点 开式系统 （a）适用于大型用户
（b）运行水压相对更加稳定
（c）设备简单，操作方便，初始投资小
（d）热量交换效率高
（e）可获得丰富水资源（a）不适用于小型住宅
（b）对水质要求高
（c）容易产生结垢、腐蚀、藻类或微生物滋长等现象
（d）法律许可监管严格
（e）受当地天气影响闭式系统 （a）投资增加，运行管理较复杂
（b）环境友好
（c）适用于污染矿井水
（d）取热不取水，法律监管较宽松
（e）设备工作寿命长（a）能量转换效率低
（b）初始投资相对大
（c）系统需要额外的浸没式热交换器
（d）热载体流体泄漏风险
（e）系统运行不稳定
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表 4 水质情况
Table 4. Water quality
总硬度 pH Na+/(mg/L) Ca2+/(mg/L) Mg2+/(mg/L) Cl−/(mg/L) SO42−/(mg/L) HCO3−/(mg/L) 1400 7.9 291 42.5 2.43 73 1670 170
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