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全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术

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郑绵平, 邢恩袁, 张雪飞, 黎明明, 车东, 卜令忠, 韩佳欢, 叶传永. 2023. 全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术[J]. 中国地质, 50(6): 1599-1620. doi: 10.12029/gc20231025002
引用本文: 郑绵平, 邢恩袁, 张雪飞, 黎明明, 车东, 卜令忠, 韩佳欢, 叶传永. 2023. 全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术[J]. 中国地质, 50(6): 1599-1620. doi: 10.12029/gc20231025002
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ZHENG Mianping, XING Enyuan, ZHANG Xuefei, LI Mingming, CHE Dong, BU Lingzhong, HAN Jiahuan, YE Chuanyong. 2023. Classification and mineralization of global lithium deposits and lithium extraction technologies for exogenetic lithium deposits[J]. Geology in China, 50(6): 1599-1620. doi: 10.12029/gc20231025002
Citation: ZHENG Mianping, XING Enyuan, ZHANG Xuefei, LI Mingming, CHE Dong, BU Lingzhong, HAN Jiahuan, YE Chuanyong. 2023. Classification and mineralization of global lithium deposits and lithium extraction technologies for exogenetic lithium deposits[J]. Geology in China, 50(6): 1599-1620. doi: 10.12029/gc20231025002
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全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术

  • 1.

    中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所自然资源部盐湖资源与环境重点实验室, 北京 100037

  • 2.

    中国矿业大学（北京）, 北京 100083

  • 基金项目:
    国家自然科学基金重大研究计划项目“西藏扎布耶锂盐湖矿集区成矿机制与规律”（91962219），西藏自治区科技重大专项课题“西藏高原条件下锂盐湖原卤提锂方法研究”（XZ202201ZD0004G01）及中国地质调查局项目（DD20230037）联合资助
详细信息
    通讯作者: 郑绵平，男，1934年生，中国工程院院士，从事盐类资源勘查评价与开发研究工作；E-mail: zhengmp2010@126.com;  邢恩袁, 男, 1982年生, 高级工程师, 从事锂钾资源调查评价工作；E-mail: xingenyuan2022@126.com

  • 中图分类号: P314

Classification and mineralization of global lithium deposits and lithium extraction technologies for exogenetic lithium deposits

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environment (Ministry of Land and Resources), Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100027, China

  • 2.

    China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China

  • Fund Project: Supported by the major research program of National Natural Science Foundation of China "Metallogenic Mechanisms and Regularity of the Lithium Ore Concentration Area in the Zabuye Salt Lake, Tibet" (No.91962219), major science and technology project of Tibet Autonomous Region "Research on extraction of lithium by raw brine from lithium salt lake in Tibet Plateau" (No.XZ202201ZD0004G01) and the project of China Geological Survey (No.DD20230037)
More Information
    Corresponding authors: ZHENG Mianping, male, born in 1934, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, engaged in the research on exploration, evaluation and exploitation of salinology; E-mail: zhengmp2010@126.com;  XING Enyuan, male, born in 1982, senior engineer, engaged in the investigation and evaluation of lithium and potassium resources; E-mail: xingenyuan2022@126.com

    摘要
  • 研究目的

    为明确锂矿的找矿方向与勘查部署重点工作，矿床类型的合理划分非常重要。

     研究方法

    本文按照锂资源赋存性质，对其详加厘定和划分，尝试把锂矿床（资源）按内、外生成因进行划分。

     研究结果

    将全球锂矿床按照内外生成因划分为10种类型和5个亚类。

     结论

    国外已查明新生代外生锂矿床的形成与分布主要受控于板块碰撞带，主要物质来源与深部洋壳重熔岩浆有关，形成时代主要在中新世和古近纪后期；具有偏酸性的岩浆专属性，盐湖型、地热型、火山沉积型锂矿与含锂凝灰岩和热水密切相关，且锂盐湖具有趋低性迁聚，超常富集机制，但对晚古生代黏土亚型和深部卤水物质来源，有待进一步查明；由于锂矿床（资源）类型多，成因复杂，它们是在多圈层相互作用形成的，建议要用构造地球化学、古大气环流和盐类学相结合研究的路线，开展外生锂矿床（资源）成矿作用研究。

    This paper is the result of mineral exploration engineering.

     Objective

    A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world's keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources.

     Methods

    Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes.

     Results

    The global lithium deposits are divided into 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits (resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors.

     Conclusion

    As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad, the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits, especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types are closely related to lithium tuff and geothermal water, which have magmatic exclusivity of acidic nature, and the salt lake deposit types tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits (resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits (resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits (resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.
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  • 图 1  全球新生代外生锂资源分带与矿产分布略图（构造背景引自ОЗОЛ, 1987）

    Figure 1. 

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    图 2  扎布耶碳酸盐含锂矿物镜下照片

    Figure 2. 

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    图 3  色卡执地区火山沉积分布情况与沉积剖面图❷

    Figure 3. 

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    图 4  扎布耶锂盐湖矿集区钙华分布图（据郑绵平等, 1989b, 补充钙华分布数据）

    Figure 4. 

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    图 5  扎布耶钙华岛的钙华与硅华产出分布图（据郑绵平等, 1989b, 补充2021年调查数据）

    Figure 5. 

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    图 6  扎布耶钙华岛硅华手标本与显微镜下的矿物结构特征

    Figure 6. 

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    图 7  青藏高原盐湖资源及其分布特征示意图（据孙鸿烈和郑度，1998修改）

    Figure 7. 

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    图 8  西藏高原含锂盐湖平面分布图

    Figure 8. 

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    图 9  扎布耶锂盐湖矿集区锂盐比分布图

    Figure 9. 

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    图 10  扎布耶湖链富集成矿机制（红色数字为各湖水锂盐比）

    Figure 10. 

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    图 11  西藏扎布耶盐湖SZK02孔128 ka以来古气候记录（郑绵平等，2007；Zheng et al., 2007；马志邦等，2010；Ling et al., 2017）

    Figure 11. 

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    图 12  扎布耶盐田的盐类沉积层

    Figure 12. 

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    图 13  南美“锂三角”主要锂盐湖资源特征及其分布

    Figure 13. 

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    图 14  南美锂盐湖“多级成矿”示意图

    Figure 14. 

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    图 15  酸法提锂基本流程

    Figure 15. 

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    图 16  黏土锂矿提取方法

    Figure 16. 

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    图 17  盐梯度太阳池提锂流程图（据Ding et al., 2023）

    Figure 17. 

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    图 18  太阳池提锂技术发明专利证书

    Figure 18. 

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    图 19  西藏扎布耶盐湖产业化实景图

    Figure 19. 

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    表 1  全球主要锂资源分类

    Table 1.  Classification of the world's primary lithium resources

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  固体锂矿工业指标

    Table 2.  Industrial indices of solid lithium deposits

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  雄巴区钙华24~135 ka BP Li、B含量情况

    Table 3.  Lithium and boron content in travertine in the Xiongba area (24~135 ka BP)

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  扎布耶盐湖盐田现场实验和气象温度观测结果

    Table 4.  Results of field experiments and meteorological temperature observations in the Zabuye Salt Lake

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 5  南美锂三角主要含锂盐湖资源与分布

    Table 5.  Resources and distribution of major lithium-bearing salt lakes in South America's Lithium Triangle

    下载: 导出CSV

    表 6  扎布耶盐湖原卤化学组分

    Table 6.  Chemical composition of raw brine in the Zabuye Salt Lake

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