EXPLORATION ON STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEIHE BASIN AND ITS EVOLUTION
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摘要: 渭河盆地是位于秦岭造山带和鄂尔多斯盆地之间的断陷盆地。渭河盆地的形成时间以及基底构成目前仍存在着争议。近几年来，对于渭河盆地天然气类型、形成机制、成藏条件、资源潜力以及盆地结构构造等方面的研究取得了很大进展，为解决以上争议提供了进一步的资料。根据盆地的钻探资料和物化探新成果，发现渭河盆地是由固市凹陷、西安凹陷、泾河鼻隆、宝鸡凸起、骊山凸起、咸阳斜坡带和富平-蒲城斜坡带组成，并具有新生代、中生代-古生代复式盖层和两盆一鼻两凸两斜坡镶嵌复合结构特征；渭河盆地新生代之下的中生代-古生代盖层为：西部宝鸡凸起为古生界地层，中部西安凹陷和咸阳斜坡带为中生代地层，东北部富平-蒲城斜坡带基底为奥陶系地层，东南部固市凹陷基底为晚古生代地层；渭河盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地具有相同的基底和相似的盖层；太要断裂（约1800 Ma）形成，为渭河盆地形成奠定了构造基础，奥陶世马家沟末加里东运动及渭北隆起南缘同生逆冲断裂形成，标志着渭河盆地独立演化的开始，主沉降期为中生代-新生代；结合已有研究，给出了渭河盆地的基底模型和渭河盆地的演化模式。Abstract: The Weihe basin is the graben basin located between the Qinling orogenic belt and the Ordos basin, and there are some controversies about the formation time and basement constitutions of the Weihe basin. In recent years, natural gas types, formation mechanism, accumulation condition, resources potentiality and basin structure in the Weihe basin have been well studied, which provides considerable evidences to resolve the controversies mentioned above. According to the drilling data and the new results of geophysical and geochemical prospecting in the Weihe basin, we found that the Weihe basin covered by Cenozoic, Mesozoic-Palaeozoic complex cap rocks, and composed of two depressions, one nose structure, two bulges and two slope belts, which respectively are Gucheng depression, Xi'an depression, Jinghe nose structural, Baoji bulge, Lishan bulge, Xianyang slope belt and Fuping-Pucheng slope belt. Baoji bulge in the west, Xi'an depression and Xianyang slope belt in the central section are covered by Paleozoic strata and Mesozoic strata, respectively. The basement of Fuping-Pucheng slope belt in the northeast and Gucheng depression in the northwest are composed of Ordovician strata and Paleozoic strata, respectively. The Weihe basin and the Ordos basin display similar basement and overlying strata. The formation of Taiyao fault (ca. 1800 Ma) provides the structural condition, and the formation of syngenetic thrust faults in Weibei uplift during Caledonian movement at the end of the Ordovician marks the beginning of independent evolution of the Weihe basin. After that, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are the main sedimentation period of the basin. Combined with previous studies, basement model and evolution model of the Weihe basin are built in this article.
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Key words:
- the Weihe basin /
- the Ordos basin /
- Weibei uplift /
- tectonic setting /
- evolution
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表 1 渭河盆地沉积地层特征[10]
Table 1. Characteristics of sedimentary strata in the Weihe basin
界 系 统 组 岩性描述 厚度与分布特征 成藏要素 新生界 新近系 全新统—更新统 由风积层、洪积层和冲积层交互层构成, 岩性主要为黄土, 粉砂质粘土、河流冲积砂、砾石 分布在秦岭山前及渭河盆地, 沉降中心位于户县、西安和渭南固市, 厚度一般在500~600 m之间, 最大超过1300 m, 河谷区一般大于400 m, 黄土塬区一般小于300 m 区域性盖层 张家坡组 为一套以深色泥岩为主的浅—深湖相沉积。岩性为暗色、灰绿色、浅棕红色泥岩、砂质泥岩夹薄层灰色粉细砂岩不等厚互层 分布于渭河盆地, 沉积中心分别位于户县、渭南固市, 厚度一般在700~800 m之间, 在沉积中心最厚超过1000 m 区域性盖层, 同时暗色泥岩是渭河盆地生物气源岩 上新统 蓝田组 深红色粘土、钙质结核, 棕红色砂岩和砾岩, 泥质含量变化大 分布于西安、蓝田、渭南一带, 标准剖面在蓝田县灞河西岸九龙坡, 出露厚度为64 m 灞河组 上部为黄棕色和灰绿色泥岩, 中部为紫褐色和黄棕色砂质泥岩与砂砾岩互层, 下部为浅紫褐色泥岩, 黄色砂岩, 为河湖相沉积 分布于渭河盆地东南部西安、蓝田一带, 埋深一般超过500 m, 在秦岭山前一般埋深200~400 m, 在西安凹陷埋深超过2000 m 砂岩层是伴生天然气和地热储层。是目前地热井最主要的取水层段 中新统 高陵群 为一套河、湖相沉积, 岩性主要为大段棕红色、棕紫色泥岩、砂质泥岩夹薄层灰色细砂岩 出露于秦岭山前骊山一带, 厚度几米到几百米不等, 在西安凹陷埋深最大, 埋深超过3000 m 古近系 渐新统 白鹿塬组 灰白色砂岩与紫色、棕褐色泥岩, 与含砾粗砂岩不等厚互层 出露于秦岭山前骊山和白鹿塬一带, 厚度变化大, 几米到几百米不等。在西安凹陷埋深约为4000 m 砂岩层是伴生天然气和地热储层, 埋深较大, 是部分地热井的取水层段 始新统 红河组 大套紫红色泥岩, 夹灰黄色和灰绿色砂岩、粉砂岩, 为一套河、湖相沉积 出露于秦岭山前骊山一带, 厚度约为200 m, 在凹陷区埋深超过4000 m 中生界 白垩系—侏罗系 砾岩、底砾岩, 细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩 出露于渭北隆起, 在渭河盆地区主要分布在咸阳斜坡带, 志丹群、直罗组是铀矿成矿层位 三叠系 含煤、油岩系、砂岩、泥页岩、泥灰岩、油页岩 出露于渭北隆起, 在渭河盆地区主要分布在固市、西安凹陷基地, 埋深较大。 油型气的主要气源岩 古生界 石炭系—二叠系 含煤岩系、泥岩、深色泥岩、砂岩、粉砂岩夹薄煤层 出露于渭北隆起, 在渭河盆地区主要分布在渭河断裂以北盆地基地, 埋深一般超过5000 m 热解气的主要气源岩 寒武系—奥陶系 碳酸盐岩、灰岩、白云岩、钙质泥岩、生物灰岩 前寒武系变质岩 前寒武系变质岩包括元古界云母石英片岩、黑云母斜长片麻岩 前寒武系变质岩包括元古界宽坪群和太古界太华群, 前者分布在宝鸡、户县、蓝田一带, 后者分布在临潼骊山等地 牧户关岩体和蓝田岩体含一定量的放射性铀, 可以作为He气源岩 燕山期花岗岩 燕山期花岗岩包括牧户关岩体和蓝田岩体等, 为二长花岗岩 牧户关岩体出露于蓝田到商县, 蓝田岩体位于蓝田县东南, 二者西段均被断层错断, 被新生界埋藏, 构成渭河盆地基底 
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