Research on skarn deposit models
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摘要:
研究目的 矽卡岩矿床是地壳中最丰富的矿床类型之一，是中国多数成矿区带的主攻找矿类型之一。矿床模型不仅用于刻画成矿理论，而且可以用于指导找矿勘查，是评价未发现矿床的重要技术方法，因此，矽卡岩矿床的矿床模型一直受到高度关注，但系统总结近年研究进展相对薄弱。
研究方法 全面收集国内外矽卡岩矿床的资料，结合笔者长达20余年的研究成果，综合分析矽卡岩矿床模型的研究进展。
研究结果 叙述全球矽卡岩矿床的研究历史和主要类型，总结矽卡岩矿床的矿物组合和分带模式及其控制因素，综述与斑岩有关的矽卡岩铜多金属矿床、远成矽卡岩矿床和交代火成岩矽卡岩矿床的研究现状。以中国长江中下游和江南造山带中段湘中地区矽卡岩矿床为对象，从成矿系统角度，构建氧化性矽卡岩铜铁金矿床组合模型和还原性矽卡岩钨金锑矿床组合模型。
结论 两组成矿系统矿床模型拓宽了找矿方向，展望了矽卡岩矿床模型未来研究方向，为新一轮找矿突破战略行动提供借鉴和参考。
Abstract:Objective Skarn deposits are one of the most abundant types of ore deposit in the Earth's crust and are a major target for mineral exploration in many metallogenic belts across China. Deposit models serve as graphical representations of metallogenic theories and as indispensable tools for guiding exploration efforts and assessing undiscovered mineral resources. Therefore, the deposit model of skarn deposits has received significant attention. However, systematic summaries of recent research progress are relatively limited.
Methods A comprehensive collection of domestic and international data on skarn deposits is undertaken, combined with the author’s over 20 years of research, to analyze the progress of research on skarn deposit models.
Results The study outlines the global research history and primary types of skarn deposits, summarizes their mineral assemblages, zoning patterns, and controlling factors, and reviews the current state of research on skarn copper−polymetallic deposits associated with porphyry systems, distal skarn deposits, and those formed by the alteration of igneous rocks. This study uses skarn deposits from the Middle to Lower Yangtze River region and the middle section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt in China as a case study to develop two metallogenic models: an oxidative skarn copper−iron−gold deposit model and a reductive skarn tungsten−gold−antimony deposit model.
Conclusions These two metallogenic system deposit models broaden the direction of mineral exploration, provide insights into future research on skarn deposit models, and offer references for breakthroughs in exploration strategies.
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Key words:
- skarn deposits /
- mineral assemblage /
- zoning patterns /
- mineral deposit models /
- metallogenic systems
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图 2 中国主要矽卡岩矿床分布图(据Chang et al., 2019修改)
Figure 2.
图 3 不同类型矽卡岩矿床比例(据赵一鸣等，2023；Chang et al., 2019修改)
Figure 3.
图 4 不同类型矽卡岩矿床石榴子石和辉石成分三角图解(据Meinert, 1992修改)
Figure 4.
图 5 矽卡岩矿床矽卡岩矿物组合和硫化物分带(据Chang et al., 2019修改)
Figure 5.
图 6 矽卡岩钨、铜和锌矿床的形成深度(据Newberry and Einaudi, 1981修改)
Figure 6.
图 8 斑岩-矽卡岩-碳酸盐交代-卡林型矿床组合模型(据Sillitoe, 2020修改)
Figure 8.
图 9 东秦岭板厂矽卡岩铜钼+碳酸盐岩交代铅锌银矿床组合模型(据Li et al., 2024修改)
Figure 9.
图 10 科特迪瓦北部Tongon超大型矽卡岩金矿床剖面图(据Lawrence et al., 2017修改；矿体产于玄武岩-安山岩结晶凝灰岩中受构造控制的矽卡岩）
Figure 10.
图 11 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省Merry Widow(a)和Iron Hill(b)矽卡岩铁矿床剖面图(据Meinert, 1984修改；矿体主要产于火山岩中）
Figure 11.
图 14 长江中下游氧化性岩浆有关的斑岩-矽卡岩铜金矿床+远成低温金矿床组合模型（据Xie et al., 2019b修改）
Figure 14.
图 15 鄂东南和湘中地区含矿岩体的氧化还原条件(原始数据来源于Wang et al., 2007, 2012, 2015; 陈卫峰等, 2007; Qiu et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014; 刘凯等, 2014; Xie et al., 2015; 柏道远等, 2016)
Figure 15.
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