Metallogenic geological background and major mineral resources in Morocco
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摘要:
摩洛哥受西非克拉通、大西洋和阿尔卑斯造山带三大构造域的联合作用, 其构造历史久远, 太古宙至新元古代早期西非克拉通的构造演化、泛非期构造岩浆活动、早古生代克拉通边缘的裂解与海西造山, 以及中新生代构造活动在该区均有反应。受这种构造背景的控制, 摩洛哥的矿床分布具有一定的时空规律, 太古宙克拉通基底、伊比鲁利亚期岩基及泛非期构造带均有银、铁、铀、钽、铌、金、铜和稀土等矿产出露, 加里东期有沉积型铁矿床产出, 海西期有重要的VMS型铅-锌-铜矿床和矽卡岩型矿床产出, 阿尔卑斯期有磷矿、MVT型铅-锌矿和重晶石矿等产出。沉积成矿作用、岩浆热液成矿作用及构造热液成矿作用在摩洛哥都有显著体现, 最主要的矿产类型为磷酸盐矿、银矿、MVT型铅-锌矿及重晶石矿。
Abstract:The geological setting of Morocco is affected by three tectonic domains, including the West African Craton, the Atlantic and the Alps tectonic belt. It has undergone the long tectonic evolution and complex geological processes, including the tectonic evolution of West African Craton from the Archean to the early Neoproterozoic, the tectonic-magmatic activity during the Pan-African period, the rifting in West African Craton margin in early Paleozoic, the Hercynian orogeny and the tectonic activity during the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. Under the control of this tectonic setting, most of the ore deposits in Morocco show the regular spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. Typically, some metal minerals such as Ag, Fe, U, Ta, Nb, Au, Cu and REE crop out in the Archean craton basement, the Eburnéen batholiths and the Pan-African tectonic belt; several of sedimentation type oolitic hematite deposits were formed during the Caledonian; some volcanogenic massive sulphide(VMS)Zn-Pb-Cu deposits and skarn type deposits occurred in the Hercynian; and the Alpine formed most of the phosphate deposits, the MVT type Pb-Zn deposits and the barite deposits, and so on. The sedimentary mineralization, magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization and tectonic-hydrothermal mineralization can be easily recognized in Morocco, and the main types of mineral resources are phosphate ore, silver ore, MVT Pb-Zn ore and barite ore.
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图 1 摩洛哥主要构造区带划分及主要矿床分布图(据Saadi et al., 1985；Michard et al., 2008；Mouttaqi et al., 2011, 并结合野外调查成果修编，矿床名称见表 1)
Figure 1.
图 2 摩洛哥成矿区带简图(据Mouttaqi et al., 2011)
Figure 2.
图 3 Bengurir磷矿床地质简图(据Saadi et al., 1985；Henri et al., 2014修改)
Figure 3.
图 4 Draa Sfar VMS型锌-铅-铜多金属矿床地质简图(据Mouttaqi et al., 2011)
Figure 4.
图 6 Jbel Irhoud重晶石矿床地质简图(据Mouttaqi et al., 2011)
Figure 6.
表 1 摩洛哥主要矿床
Table 1. Major ore deposits in Morocco
序号 矿床名称 所属构造单元 1 Touroug-El Hamda萤石矿床 小阿特拉斯构造带东段 2 Bou-Madine多金属床 3 Tourza鲕状赤铁矿床 4 Imiter银矿 5 Tiouit金、铜、银多金属矿床 6 Bouskour铜和银矿床 7 Oumjrane-Bou Nahas铜矿床 8 Imini层状锰矿床 小阿特拉斯构造带中段 9 Zgounder银矿床 10 Nqob滑石矿床 11 Bou Azzer钴、镍、砷矿床 12 Bou Azzer与蛇纹石相关的铬铁矿和铂族元素矿床 13 Bleida铜矿床 14 Bleida-Far西部金矿化区 15 J.La'Sal氧化铜矿 16 Jbel N'Zourk铜矿床 17 小阿特拉斯中部石英脉型赤铁矿床 18 Bou-Oudi紫水晶宝石矿 19 Jbel Tachilla鲕状赤铁矿床 小阿特拉斯构造带西段 20 Tazalarht铜矿床 21 Iourirn含金矿脉 22 Azougar n'Tilili寒武纪含金多金属矿床 23 Ganntour盆地内的Benguerir和Youssoufia磷酸盐矿床 大阿特拉斯构造带西段-梅赛塔地块南部 24 Jbel Irhoud重晶石矿 25 Kettara磁黄铁矿 26 Roc Blanc银矿 27 Draa Sfar VMS型多金属矿床 28 Hajjar多金属矿床 29 Azegour交代型铜、钼、钨矿床 30 Ifri N'Jenjar铜和重晶石矿床 31 Khouribga磷矿区 梅赛塔地块中部 32 ElHammam和Achmmach萤石和锡石复合成矿区 33 ElKarit锡石-绿柱石矿脉 34 Tighza-Jbel Aouam多金属成矿区 35 Zrahina萤石和多金属硫化物矿床 36 Ait Ammar变质鲕状赤铁矿床 37 Tansrift红层内铜矿床 阿特拉斯构造带中段 38 Ali-ou-Daoud锌矿床 39 Aguerd n'Tazoult铅-锌矿床 40 Haute Moulouya铅矿区 大阿特拉斯构造带东段 41 Bou-Arfa锰矿 42 Jbel Bou Dahar MVT型矿区 43 Tamlelt-Menhouhou含金矿层 44 Horsts山链Touissit-Bou Beker MVT型铅-锌矿区 45 Jerada煤田 46 Timahdite含沥青片岩带 大阿特拉斯构造带中段 47 Fnideq-Beni Mezala锑矿区 里夫推覆带北部 48 Beni Bou Ifrour-Ouixane新近纪矽卡岩型铁矿床 49 Nador火山岩区膨润土和珍珠岩矿 
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