Research Status of Pegmatite-hosted Li Deposits and Their Exploration Prospect in West China
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摘要:
锂现为全球战略性关键金属矿产，花岗伟晶岩型锂矿是锂资源的重要类型之一，也是当前国际矿床学的研究热点。花岗伟晶岩划分为LCT（Li–Cs–Ta）、NYF（Nb–Y–F）及二者混合的LCT+NYF型，其中LCT型伟晶岩富集稀有元素Li、Rb、Cs、Be、Ga、Sn、Ta、Nb及B、P、F等助熔剂，通常与伸展背景下的晚造山和造山后阶段过铝质S型花岗岩具有成因联系。笔者分析了全球伟晶岩型锂矿床的时空分布特征，发现锂矿成矿事件主要发生在超大陆会聚造山作用的中晚期。研究表明中国花岗伟晶岩型锂矿空间分布相对集中，主要分布在9个锂成矿带，成矿期以三叠纪为主。花岗质岩浆结晶分异和下地壳物质低程度的部分熔融是伟晶岩两种主要的形成方式。稀有金属伟晶岩的成矿机制主要有分离结晶作用、岩浆不混溶、超临界流体和组成带状纯化。总结分析了中国西部西昆仑、川西松潘–甘孜、阿尔泰等3个典型伟晶岩型锂矿带的的成矿特点、分布特征、研究进展及找矿前景，并提出了构造–岩浆–变质–成矿的耦合关系是制约锂成矿过程和富集规律的关键科学问题。
Abstract:Lithium has become an important strategic critical metal in the world, and the granitic pegmatite type lithium deposit is one of the important types of lithium resources, which is also a popular interest in the current international ore deposit research. The granitic pegmatites are classified into LCT (Li–Cs–Ta), NYF (Nb–Y–F) and mixed LCT+NYF type. The LCT type pegmatites are characterized by enrichment of rare elements Li, Rb, Cs, Be, Ga, Sn, Ta＞Nb and fluxing components B, P, F, usually related to late orogenic and post–orogenic peraluminous S–type granites in extensional background. In this paper, we review the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of pegmatite type lithium deposits in the world. It is noted that the lithium mineralization events mainly occurred in the middle and late period of convergent orogeny associated with the supercontinent assembly. The study shows that the spatial distribution of granitic pegmatite lithium deposits in China is relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in nine lithium metallogenic belts, of which the main mineralization period is Triassic. Fractional crystallization of granitic magma and partial melting of lower crust material are the two significant formation modes of pegmatites. The four metallogenic mechanism of rare metal pegmatite mainly include fractional crystallization, magmatic immiscibility, supercritical fluids and constitutional zone refining (CZR). We summarize the metallogenic characteristics, distribution characteristics, research progress and exploration prospect of the three typical pegmatite type lithium metallogenic belts, West Kunlun, Songpan–Ganze and Altay, in western China. The coupling relationship of structure–magmatism–metamorphism–mineralization is the key scientific problem that restricts the mineralization process and enrichment regularity of lithium.
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图 2 花岗岩和伟晶岩型锂矿年龄统计直方图与超大陆事件（据Dittrich et al.，2019；陈衍景等，2021）
Figure 2.
图 4 岩浆结晶分异成因的伟晶岩矿化分带模式图（据Černý et al.，1991b修改）
Figure 4.
图 5 伟晶岩熔体中边界层熔体形成及CZR过程原理图（据London，2018修改）
Figure 5.
图 6 西昆仑造山带地质简图及锂铍矿床分布图（据王核等，2021；Yan et al., 2022）
Figure 6.
图 7 川西松潘–甘孜造山带地质简图及锂铍矿床分布图（据付小方等，2021b）
Figure 7.
图 8 阿尔泰造山带地质简图（据Lv et al.，2021修改）
Figure 8.
表 1 花岗伟晶岩的分类及特征表（据Černý et al.，2005）
Table 1. Petrogenetic classification and characteristics of granitic pegmatites
类型 地球化学特征 伟晶岩组成 内部岩相结构分带 相关花岗岩 潜在的母体花岗岩性质 源岩 LCT型 Li、Rb、Cs、Be、
Sn、Ga、Ta＞Nb，
（B、P、F）过铝质–次铝质 岩相分带显著 （同造山）–晚造山–（非造山）；成分主要是不均匀 过铝质S, I或混合S+I型 未亏损LCT元素的中–上地壳表壳岩石和基底片麻岩 NYF型 Nb＞Ta、Ti、Y、
Sc、REE、Zr、
Th、U及F次铝质–准铝质（–亚碱性） 无–弱的岩相分带 （同造山、晚造山、后造山）–主要为非造山；成分准均匀 （过铝质）–次铝质和准铝质A和I型 亏损LCT元素的中–下地壳麻粒岩，新生花岗岩，地幔物质交代的地壳 LCT+NYF
混合型混合的 次铝质–中等过铝质 出现岩相分带 （后造山）–非造山；成分不均匀 次铝质–弱过铝质 混合的岩石源区；受NYF花岗岩浆同化的上地壳 
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表 2 中国主要花岗伟晶岩型锂矿床及成矿时代统计表
Table 2. Formation ages of major pegmatite–type Li deposits in China
序号 矿床名称 成矿带 伟晶岩 测试方法 年龄（Ma） 资料来源 1 阿克塔斯 西昆仑 90-1石英钠长锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb 218±12 Yan et al.，2018 2 阿克塔斯 西昆仑 90-1石英钠长锂辉石伟晶岩 铌铁矿U–Pb 211.9±2.4 Yan et al.，2018 3 阿克塔斯 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 白云母Ar–Ar 185±1 Gao et al.，2020 4 509道班西 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 白云母Ar–Ar 197±1 Gao et al.，2020 5 505 西昆仑 18号锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 223±11 李侃等，2019 6 白龙山 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 208.1±1.5 Wang et al.，2020 7 白龙山 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌铁矿U–Pb 213.9±0.7 Zhou et al.，2021a 8 白龙山 西昆仑 不含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌铁矿U–Pb 212.3±0.9 Zhou et al.，2021a 9 白龙山 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 独居石 U–Pb 207.4±0.6 Yan et al.，2022 10 雪凤岭 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 208.4±1.7 Yan et al.，2022 11 康西瓦 西昆仑 含绿柱石白云母伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 209±4.4 张泽等，2019 12 肖尔布隆 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 204.6±2.1 Yan et al.，2022 13 霍什塔什 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 205.7±2.7 Yan et al.，2022 14 霍什塔什 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 独居石 U–Pb 204.2±0.8 Yan et al.，2022 15 木林场 西昆仑 含锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 206.4±2.0 Yan et al.，2022 16 吐格曼 阿尔金 电气石钠长石英伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 459.9±3.7 徐兴旺等，2019 17 吐格曼 阿尔金 含稀有金属伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 472±8 Gao et al.，2021 18 吐格曼北 阿尔金 白云母–锡石伟晶岩 锡石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb 468±8.7 李杭等，2020 19 吐格曼北 阿尔金 白云母–钠长石–锂辉石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 458.7±2.3 李杭等，2020 20 吐格曼北 阿尔金 白云母–钠长石–锂辉石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 454.7±4.0 李杭等，2020 21 吐格曼北 阿尔金 白云母–钠长石–锂辉石伟晶岩 白云母Ar–Ar 350.2±1.6 李杭等，2020 22 吐格曼北 阿尔金 含铌钽铁矿–白云母–石英伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 464.1±2.7 李杭等，2020 23 茶卡北山 柴北缘 富锂花岗伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 240.6±1.5 Pan et al.，2021 24 茶卡北山 柴北缘 含绿柱石花岗伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 235.9±2.3 王秉璋等，2020 25 茶卡北山 柴北缘 含绿柱石锂辉石花岗伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 217±1.8 王秉璋等，2020 26 锲墨格 柴北缘 绿柱石花岗伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 229.5±1.3 李善平等，2021 27 别也萨麻斯 阿尔泰 锂辉石石英伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 151±1.8 王春龙等，2015 28 卡鲁安 阿尔泰 805号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 216±2.6 马占龙等，2015 29 卡鲁安 阿尔泰 806号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 223.7±1.8 马占龙等，2015 30 卡鲁安 阿尔泰 807号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 221±15 马占龙等，2015 31 卡鲁安 阿尔泰 650号伟晶岩 锆石SIMS U–Pb 205.0±12 刘涛等，2020 32 卡鲁安 阿尔泰 803号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 224.6±2.3 Zhang et al.，2016 33 库卡拉盖 阿尔泰 650号早期钠长石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 227.9±2.6 马占龙等，2015 34 库卡拉盖 阿尔泰 650号晚期锂辉石钠
长石锂云母伟晶岩锆石LA–ICP–MS 211.3±2.4 马占龙等，2015 35 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 含锂辉石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 209.4±1.3 闫军武等，2020 36 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 伟晶岩 全岩Rb–Sr 218.4±5.8 Zhu et al.，2006 37 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 边缘带伟晶岩 辉钼矿Re–Os 208.8±2.4 Liu F et al.，2014 38 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 1带伟晶岩 SHRIMP 锆石U–Pb 220±9 Wang et al.，2007 39 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 5带伟晶岩 SHRIMP 锆石U–Pb 198±7 Wang et al.，2007
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续表2 序号 矿床名称 成矿带 伟晶岩 测试方法 年龄（Ma） 资料来源 40 可可托海3号脉 阿尔泰 7带伟晶岩 SHRIMP 锆石U–Pb 213±6 Wang et al.，2007 41 阿祖拜 阿尔泰 01号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 191.6±2.0 Zhang et al.，2016 42 佳木开 阿尔泰 09号含矿伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 192.0±2.3 Zhang et al.，2016 43 大喀拉苏 阿尔泰 01号含矿伟晶岩 铌铁矿U–Pb 229.0±1.0 Feng et al.，2020 44 大喀拉苏 阿尔泰 01号含矿伟晶岩 铌铁矿U–Pb 228.1±0.6 Feng et al.，2020 45 加曼哈巴–大喀拉苏 阿尔泰 伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 274~253 Lv et al.，2021 46 科鲁木特112脉 阿尔泰 1号带伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 238.3±2.0 Lv et al.，2012 47 科鲁木特112脉 阿尔泰 2号带伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 233.5±3.7 Lv et al.，2012 48 科鲁木特112脉 阿尔泰 3号带伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 188.3±1.7 Lv et al.，2012 49 科鲁木特112脉 阿尔泰 5号带伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 218.8±1.9 Lv et al.，2012 50 科鲁木特112脉 阿尔泰 6号带伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 210.7±1.6 Lv et al.，2012 51 加曼哈巴 阿尔泰 伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 394.8±4.0 Lv et al.，2018 52 切别林 阿尔泰 伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 402.6±5.5 Lv et al.，2018 53 青河 阿尔泰 塔拉提伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 385.9±3.5 Lv et al.，2018 54 青河 阿尔泰 阿木拉贡伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 358.3±4.6 Lv et al.，2018 55 青河 阿尔泰 阿拉结科伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 368.0±4.0 Lv et al.，2018 56 青河 阿尔泰 铁木勒特伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 333.0±6.0 Lv et al.，2018 57 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 308号含锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 210.9±4.6 代鸿章等，2018 58 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 X3号钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 216±2 郝雪峰等，2015 59 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 X3号钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 214±2 郝雪峰等，2015 60 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 含矿伟晶岩 锆石SIMS U–Pb 186.7 李贤芳等，2020 61 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 134号锂辉石伟晶岩 白云母Ar–Ar 195.7±0.1 王登红等，2005 62 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 104号钠长石伟晶岩 白云母Ar–Ar 198.9±0.4 王登红等，2005 63 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 308号伟晶岩脉中细晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 217±0.84 Dai et al.，2019 64 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 308号含锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 211±4.6 Dai et al.，2019 65 甲基卡 松潘–甘孜 133号含锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 198±4.4 Dai et al.，2019 66 李家沟 松潘–甘孜 含锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 211.4±3.3 许家斌等，2020 67 李家沟 松潘–甘孜 含锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩 锆石LA–ICP–MS 198±3.4 邓运等，2018 68 李家沟 松潘–甘孜 钠长石伟晶岩 锆石LA–MC–ICP–MS 202.8±4.9 Fei et al.，2020 69 李家沟 松潘–甘孜 钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩 锆石LA–MC–ICP–MS 200.1±4.6 Fei et al.，2020 70 李家沟 松潘–甘孜 钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 211.4±3.3 Fei et al.，2020 71 李家沟 松潘-甘孜 钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 211.1±1.0 Fei et al.，2020 72 党坝 松潘–甘孜 锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 208.1±1.9 费光春等，2020 73 党坝 松潘–甘孜 含锂云母锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩 锡石U–Pb 199.3±1.6 费光春等，2020 74 南阳山 东秦岭 363号锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 387.8±1.6 Zhou et al.，2021b 75 南阳山 东秦岭 364号锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 383.8±3.3 Zhou et al.，2021b 76 南阳山 东秦岭 366号锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 422.0±3.2 Zhou et al.，2021b 77 南阳山 东秦岭 366号锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 397.4±2.2 Zhou et al.，2021b 78 南阳山 东秦岭 703号锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 409.5±1.5 Zhou et al.，2021b 79 前台 东秦岭 锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 442.6±8.0 Zhou et al.，2021b 80 前台 东秦岭 锂矿化伟晶岩脉 铌钽铁矿U–Pb 410.8±2.0 Zhou et al.，2021b
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