Geochemical Characteristic of Heavy Metal in Zhouzhi Area and Analysis of Their Causes Based on Minimum Data Set
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摘要:
周至县是陕西省乃至全国的猕猴桃主产区之一，为了查明周至地区土壤重金属地球化学特征及其成因，采集了周至地区8个典型农用田中226件土壤样品，分析测试了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As、Hg、Sn、Co、Mn、V和Fe含量，通过地球化学数据分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算，构建由Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr和As组成的最小数据集对周至地区土壤重金属生态风险进行评价，并分析了其成因。 结果显示，最小数据集7种重金属的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数值均小于1，潜在生态风险指数为30.90，说明研究区土壤重金属于安全级别。通过相关性分析及主成分分析认为，第1主成分包括Cu、Ni、Cr、Co、Mn和V，其含量与地质背景密切相关；第2主成分包括Pb、Zn和Cd，主要受人为活动影响；第3主成分是As、Sn和Hg，可能受土壤组成的影响或者人为活动的影响。
Abstract:Zhouzhi County is an important kiwifruit base in Shanxi Province and even in China. 226 samples were collected from eight typical agriculture land, the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, Sn, Co, Mn, V and Fe in soils were analyzed. The geochemical characteristic, potential ecological risk and origin of heavy metal elements in Zhouzhi County were investigated through constructing the minimum data set (MDS), based on correlation analysis, principal component analysis and Norm value calculation by using Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and As. The results revealed that the single-factor pollution index was less than 1, and aggregate pollution index was 30.90, indicated the concentrations of heavy metals in soil meet the safety standard. The correlation analysis and the principal components analysis were made to discuss the cause of the heavy metals. It is believed that the first cluster including Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn and V were mainly influenced by geological background; the second cluster including Pb, Zn and Cd were mainly related to human agricultural production; the third cluster including As, Sn and Hg were affected by geological background and human activities.
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Key words:
- geochemistry /
- heavy metals /
- minimum data set /
- Zhouzhi area.
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表 1 Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法分级标准表
Table 1. Hakanson’s classification criteria for potential ecological hazards
危害程度 Ei取值范围 RI取值范围 轻微 Ei＜40 RI＜150 中等 40≤Ei＜80 150≤RI＜300 强 80≤Ei＜160 300≤RI＜600 很强 160≤Ei＜320 RI＞600 极强 Ei＞320 
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表 2 主成分特征值分析表
Table 2. Principal component analysis values
因子 初始值特征 提取荷载平方和 旋转荷载平方和 总计 方差百分比 累积（%） 总计 方差百分比 累积（%） 总计 方差百分比 累积（%） 1 5.321 40.931 40.931 5.321 40.931 40.931 5.179 39.838 39.838 2 1.686 12.971 53.902 1.686 12.971 53.902 1.762 13.552 53.390 3 1.375 10.578 64.480 1.375 10.578 64.480 1.442 11.090 64.480 4 0.925 7.117 71.597 5 0.847 6.518 78.115 6 0.748 5.758 83.873 7 0.634 4.877 88.750 8 0.552 4.244 92.994 9 0.433 3.330 96.324 10 0.228 1.757 98.081 11 0.098 0.752 98.832 12 0.079 0.607 99.440 13 0.073 0.560 100.000
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表 3 主成分载荷矩阵与MDS确定
Table 3. Principal component load matrix and the determination of the minimum data set
元素 PC1 PC2 PC3 分组 Norm值 MDS Cu 0.938 0.016 −0.092 1 2.14 进入 Pb 0.135 0.782 0.398 2 1.18 进入 Zn 0.467 0.559 0.182 2 1.31 进入 Cd 0.144 0.846 −0.175 2 1.22 进入 Ni 0.892 −0.138 0.062 1 2.04 进入 Cr 0.854 −0.018 −0.056 1 1.94 进入 As 0.323 −0.409 0.520 3 1.11 进入 Hg −0.024 0.126 0.536 3 0.67 Sn 0.166 −0.129 0.704 4 0.94 Co 0.756 0.000 −0.155 1 1.73 Mn 0.645 −0.024 0.071 1 1.47 V 0.714 −0.039 −0.229 1 1.65 Fe 0.385 −0.329 −0.050 0.98
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表 4 土壤重金属含量描述性统计表
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of heavy metals of soil
元素 平均值 最小值 最大值 标准偏差 变异系数 P（K-S） 关中地区
土壤背景*关中地区
土壤基准值**GB15618-2018 超标率 Cu 39.53 13.90 59.50 8.17 20.66 0.085 28.57 26.7 200 0 Pb 27.61 15.70 57.50 5.03 18.23 0.15 27.78 24.8 120 0 Zn 89.24 51.50 363.00 14.05 15.75 0.12 78.65 73.5 250 8% Cd 0.23 0.10 0.77 0.07 29.64 0.13 0.094 0.097 0.3 17% Ni 39.93 17.50 103.00 6.11 15.30 0.05（0.064） 32.14 33.13 100 0.5% Cr 89.69 36.70 218.00 12.92 14.40 0.08 75.68 74.2 200 1.3% As 10.89 5.55 23.00 2.16 19.86 0.03（0.054） 12.97 13.1 30 0 Hg 0.08 0.01 1.06 0.07 88.85 0.23 0.049 0.065 2.4 - Sn 3.35 2.14 12.50 0.69 20.74 0.16 3.10 3.07 - - Co 17.41 7.66 24.60 3.09 17.73 0.06 13.55 13.55 - - Mn 835.06 479.00 1309.00 113.49 13.59 0.029（0.061） 695.39 688.5 - - V 112.29 27.60 154.00 18.55 16.52 0.07 84.29 86.9 - - Fe 4.10 2.02 5.11 0.48 11.81 0.046（0.072） 4.86 4.86 - - 注：Fe含量单位是%；其他元素含量为10–6；变异系数Cv=（标准偏差/平均值）×100%；括号内为取对数后的K–S检验值；*和**表示数据均引自任蕊（2013）。
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表 5 土壤污染指数表
Table 5. The index of soil pollution
采样区 单因子指数 综合污染指数 样品数 Cu Pb Zn Cd Ni Cr As S1 23 0.20 0.23 0.36 0.76 0.39 0.45 0.37 0.77 S2 29 0.21 0.15 0.43 0.65 0.34 0.51 0.47 0.73 S3 27 0.28 0.05 0.54 0.78 0.38 0.53 0.49 0.79 S4 29 0.24 0.10 0.53 0.74 0.33 0.465 0.72 0.74 S5 29 0.34 0.05 0.42 0.68 0.38 0.48 0.37 0.76 S6 33 0.37 0.08 0.67 0.69 0.32 0.56 0.34 0.76 S7 28 0.44 0.10 0.61 0.71 0.32 0.42 0.41 0.72 S8 28 0.21 0.05 0.38 0.65 0.38 0.56 0.37 0.77 平均值 / 0.29 0.10 0.50 0.71 0.35 0.50 0.44 0.75 潜在生态危害指数Ei 1.45 0.50 0.50 21.3 1.75 1.00 4.40 RI=30.90 注：潜在生态危害指数Ei采用《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB15618-2018）风险筛选值（6.5＜pH≤7.5）。
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表 6 土壤重金属相关性分析
Table 6. Correlation of heavy metals of soil
重金属元素 相关系数 Cu Pb Zn Cd Ni Cr As Hg Sn Co Mn V Fe Cu 1 Pb 0.063 1 Zn 0.396** 0.325** 1 Cd 0.153** 0.356** 0.367** 1 Ni 0.778** 0.060 0.349** −0.032 1 Cr 0.745** 0.031 0.407** 0.092** 0.886** 1 As 0.210** 0.065* 0.054 −0.201** 0.360** 0.207** 1 Hg 0.017 0.143** 0.062 0.011 −0.009 −0.050 0.045 1 Sn 0.109** 0.092** 0.133** −0.131** 0.164** 0.102** 0.235** 0.152** 1 Co 0.898** 0.126** 0.321** 0.139** 0.749** 0.696** 0.189** −0.070* 0.056 1 Mn 0.777** 0.124** 0.349** 0.124** 0.698** 0.616** 0.357** −0.012 0.160** 0.758** 1 V 0.902** −0.017 0.289** 0.089** 0.738** 0.718** 0.095** −0.069* 0.064 0.883** 0.747** 1 Fe 0.316** −0.072* 0.007 −0.059 0.290** 0.275** 0.176** −0.004 0.047 0.341** 0.299** 0.286** 1 注：**. 在 0.01 级别（双尾），相关性显著；*. 在 0.05 级别（双尾），相关性显著。
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