新时期榆林煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理策略及路径探索

冯立; 张鹏飞; 张茂省; 刘颢; 王耀

doi:10.12401/j.nwg.2023087

新时期榆林煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理策略及路径探索

1.
西安交通大学人居环境与建筑工程学院，陕西西安　712000

2.
榆林市自然资源和规划局陕西榆林　719000

基金项目: 榆林市自然资源和规划局榆阳分局项目“榆阳区煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理规划（20220179）”，国家自然科学基金青年项目（42107209）联合资助。

详细信息

作者简介: 冯立（1990−），男，博士，讲师，从事生态安全与灾害风险防控研究工作。E−mail：fengli726@xjtu.edu.cn

通讯作者: 张茂省（1962−），男，博士，教授，长期从事地质调查、灾害防治与生态修复研究工作。E−mail：xjtzms@xjtu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P69；F205

收稿日期: 2023-02-03

修回日期: 2023-04-13

刊出日期: 2023-06-20

Strategies and Practical Paths for Ecological Restoration and Comprehensive Management in Yulin Coal Mining Area in the New Era

1.
School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 712000, Shaanxi, China

2.
Yulin Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi, China

More Information

Corresponding author: ZHANG Maosheng, xjtzms@xjtu.edu.cn

Received Date: 03 February 2023

Revised Date: 13 April 2023

Publish Date: 20 June 2023

摘要

摘要:
榆林作为陕北地区国家能源基地的重要组成部分，在过去30余年为中国经济社会发展作出了重要贡献。然而，煤炭资源开发不可避免地给当地生态环境带来了采空区塌陷、土地与水资源破坏、生态退化等诸多问题，且目前因煤炭规模开发的负面效应持续加剧着矿区水资源、土地资源的破坏以及生态系统韧性的下降，已然威胁到榆林经济社会的可持续发展及国家能源资源的长远安全。多年来，榆林煤矿区在地质环境治理方面形成了一批可复制、可推广的经验和模式，但目前仍然呈现出整体效果不显著、基金使用率低、实施阻力大、系统设计受限、顶层规划缺乏等“五个问题”的困境，多元化治理模式和相应的政策机制也尚未形成合力。为解决这一实际，本研究在剖析煤矿区生态问题现状及生态修复工作面临问题及原因的基础上，结合煤矿区治理现状及乡村高质量发展需求，创新形成了“1个目标、2个底线、3个空间、4种模式”的榆林市煤矿区综合治理系统性解决策略，建议了3项创新机制以及“三步走战略”的具体实践路径，总结了适用于榆林煤矿区生态修复+N的综合治理模式清单，最后从政策、技术、管理等方面提出了对策建议。研究结果有助于为下一步系统性、整体性指导榆林市各煤矿企业开展矿山生态保护修复工作提供借鉴，切实促进煤矿区生态保护修复走向多元化综合治理模式、走向社会–经济–生态协调的绿色发展新格局。
- 生态环境 /
- 煤矿区 /
- 调查与评价 /
- 生态保护修复 /
- 策略与路径
Abstract:
Yulin city, as an important part of the Northern Shaanxi National Energy and Chemical Industry Base, has made tremendous contributions to the economic and social development of China in the past thirty years. However, the exploitation of coal resources inevitably brought mined−out area collapse, land and water resources destruction, ecological degradation, and other problems to the local eco−environment. At present, the negative effects of coal scale development continue to aggravate the destruction of water and land resources in mining areas and the decline of ecosystem toughness, which has threatened the sustainable development of Yulin’s economy and society and the long−term security of national energy resources. Over the years, Yulin coal mine area has formed a number of replicable and popularizing experiences and patterns in geological environment governance, but it still presents "five problems" predicament, such as insignificant overall effect, low fund utilization rate, high implementation resistance, limited system design, lack of top−level planning, and the diversified governance modes and the corresponding policy mechanism have not yet formed a joint force. Following this case, combining the current governance situation of coal mining area and the needs of high−quality development in rural areas, this study innovatively formed a systematic solution strategy for comprehensive treatment of Yulin coal mining area, which includes "one goal, two lines, three spaces, four patterns", considering of analyzing the current situation of ecological problems in Yulin coal mining area and the predicament and reason of ecological restoration work. Then three innovation regulations and the concrete practice path of "three−step strategy" were proposed, and a list of comprehensive treatment modes (i.e., ecological restoration +N) applicable to Yulin coal mine area was summarized. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions were put forward from the aspects of policy, technology, and management. The outcome can provide reference for the next step of systematic and overall guidance for coal mining enterprises in Yulin to carry out mine ecological protection and restoration work, and effectively promote the ecological restoration of coal mining areas to a diversified comprehensive governance direction and to a new green development pattern of social, economic, and ecological coordination.
- ecological environment /
- coal mining area /
- geological survey and evaluation /
- ecological protection and restoration /
- strategy and path

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图 1 榆林煤矿区矿山地质安全隐患图

Figure 1.

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图 2 榆林市生态系统综合退化评价图

Figure 2.

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图 3 榆林市煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理的总体策略图

Figure 3.

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图 4 榆林市煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理的3项创新机制图

Figure 4.

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图 5 榆林煤矿区生态保护修复与综合治理的实践路径图

Figure 5.

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表 1 榆林煤矿区清单式综合治理模式建议菜单表

Table 1. The list–typed comprehensive management suggested patterns in Yulin coal mine area

生态修复+N模式	修复对象	修复方式	主要措施及工程建议
生态修复+土地整治	采空塌陷区	因地制宜，以土地高效、高质量利用为目标，对未利用地、地表破坏区、盐碱地、碎片耕地、及村庄建设用地进行土地综合整改	1.消除采空塌陷区灾害隐患，将土地复垦为耕地、林地、园地等多类型用地 2.通过小田并大田、宜种化和宜机化改造等措施，将碎片耕地整合连片 3.过排水、灌水洗盐、增施有机肥或土壤调理剂、深耕深松、客土压碱、合理种植等方式，改善盐碱地 4.整理低效用地和未利用地，提升土地利用效率 5.将煤矸石重新利用为工程填料、能源发电、化工产品、农业有机肥等，并对煤矸石山植被进行恢复 6.对矿区内建设用地进行整合，采取集中安置方式，保障居民点建筑安全及用水安全，对腾挪出的建设用地重新复垦利用
	耕地碎片化
	土地盐碱化
	土地低效利用
	煤矸石堆放区
	采矿区建设用地
生态修复+示范产业	采空塌陷区	选取土地环境、交通位置等具备潜力的地区，作为示范产业，如农业示范、畜牧示范、伙场经济示范、沙地光伏示范等	1.对于有条件的采空塌陷区，实施开发式治理方案，种植以蛋白桑、沙漠水稻、蔬菜大棚及光伏田园综合体等 2.提升耕地效能，打造以种植为基础，集观光体验、加工、科普于一体的农业示范基地 3.整合伙场盘子，改造利用为经济种植、生态养殖等示范项目，打造伙场经济 4.有条件的土地沙化区采取光伏结合牧草种植的形式，形成产业治沙
	低效耕地
	伙场盘子
	土地沙化
生态修复+文旅融合	文物、遗址地区	长城文化、红色文化旅游；废弃矿山文旅开发；特色乡村旅游休闲	1.文物、遗址地区生态修复应以保护文物、遗址为前提，并发扬其文化价值，打造成为旅游景点、研学基地等 2.对有条件的废弃矿山，采取文旅开发的形式，重新活化利用，如建设为矿山主题公园、地质公园、游乐园、酒店等 3.整治村庄环境，特色建筑、历史街区活化，增加村庄绿化和景观美化，完善村庄设施，美化人居环境
	特色废弃矿山
	特色村庄
生态修复+绿色公园	废弃矿山绿地	矿山生态/湿地公园；重要交通线路防风固沙及景观美化；城镇绿地、乡村游园	1.交通条件差或本身特色不明显的废弃矿山采取复绿为主，打造生态型郊野公园 2.重要交通线路两侧，种植以防风固沙功能为主兼具景观美化的生态绿带，打造绿色通廊 3.城镇、村庄公共空间增加绿化，打造公园绿地和乡村游园，美化人居环境
	重要交通线路
	城镇、村庄空间

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