NITROGEN LOSS DEGREE AND DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK SOIL AREA IN SOUTH-CENTRAL SONGNEN PLAIN
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摘要:
对松嫩平原中南部黑土区20世纪80年代以及目前土壤中氮含量数据资料分析结果显示，近40年来研究区土壤氮的流失率达到5.02%.总体上呈现出土壤氮含量丰富-较丰富的一级、二级土地面积大量减少，而土壤中氮含量中等-缺乏的三级、四级和五级土地面积逐渐增大.对研究区不同土地利用方式土壤氮含量变化特征统计结果显示，研究区人为活动影响较强的水田和旱田两种主要土地利用方式土壤中氮含量丰富区的土地所占面积比例分别减少了20.9和6.1个百分点；人为活动影响相对较弱的沼泽湿地、草地和林地3种土地利用方式土壤氮含量丰富区的面积有所增加.对不同行政区市县土壤氮含量变化特征空间分析结果表明，研究区有6个市县土壤氮流失达到重度程度，建议作为黑土氮流失治理的重点地区；有8个市县（区）土壤氮流失达到中度程度，应作为土壤氮流失防与治兼顾的重点地区.
Abstract:The analysis of nitrogen content data in the black soil area of south-central Songnen Plain in 1980s and at present shows that the soil nitrogen loss rate is up to 5.02% over the past 40 years, generally with the grades 1 and 2 land area of rich-relatively rich soil nitrogen content greatly reducing and the grades 3, 4, and 5 land area of moderate-deficient nitrogen content gradually increasing. The statistics of variation characteristics of soil nitrogen content by land use types indicate the proportions of paddy field and upland field strongly affected by human activities with high nitrogen content have decreased by 20.9 and 6.1 percentage points respectively, while the areas of marsh wetland, grassland and forest less affected by human activities rich in soil nitrogen content have increased. The spatial analysis on variation of soil nitrogen content in different administrative regions reflects the soil nitrogen loss in 6 cities and counties has reached severe degree, which should be the key areas of black soil nitrogen loss control as suggested. The soil nitrogen loss in other 8 cities and counties/districts is moderate, regarded as the key areas for both prevention and control of soil nitrogen loss.
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Key words:
- Songnen Plain /
- black soil /
- nitrogen loss /
- land use type /
- human impact
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表 1 研究区土壤氮含量等级变化特征统计表
Table 1. Variation characteristics of soil nitrogen content grades in the study area
分级 一等（丰富） 二等（较丰富） 三等（中等） 四等（较缺乏） 五（缺乏） 含量/10-6 ＞20 000 1 500~2 000 1 000~1 500 750~1 000 ≤750 20世纪80年代面积/km2 35 265.3 36 769 2?0221.7 6 932.6 1 356.4 目前面积/km2 32 756.1 32 937.6 22?437.1 7 243.8 5 170.4 面积变化/km2 -2 509.2 -3 831.4 2?215.4 311.2 3 814 变化率/% -7.12 -10.42 10.96 4.49 281.19 
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表 2 研究区不同土地利用方式土壤氮含量等级变化特征统计表
Table 2. Variation characteristics of soil nitrogen content grades by land use types in the study area
时代 土地利用 面积/km2 一等（丰富）/% 二等（较丰富）/% 三等（中等）/% 四等（较缺乏）/% 五等（缺乏）/% 20世纪80年代 旱田 58 116.1 34.6 40.1 19.3 5.2 0.8 水田 4 155.0 49.3 28.0 18.3 3.3 1.0 草地 18 832.4 20.0 38.4 26.5 12.3 2.6 林地 9 334.7 70.9 16.3 7.5 4.1 1.1 未利用地 1 572.8 13.5 29.2 38.8 15.0 3.5 沼泽湿地 7 307.6 31.6 34.4 21.9 10.1 2.0 建筑用地 1 226.5 18.5 44.3 28.8 6.3 2.1 目前 旱田 58 116.1 28.5 41.0 23.8 4.4 2.2 水田 4 155.0 28.4 42.7 27.5 1.3 0.2 草地 18 832.4 23.7 23.7 22.8 4.0 14.4 林地 9 334.7 75.5 13.7 4.2 0.37 3.1 未利用地 1 572.8 11.7 6.5 23.8 19.5 50.4 沼泽湿地 7 307.6 38.3 15.6 26.7 12.2 7.4 建筑用地 1 226.5 12.9 30.4 36.2 13.2 6.4
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表 3 不同行政区土壤氮含量变化特征及流失程度评价表
Table 3. Evaluation of variation and loss degree of soil nitrogen content by administrative regions
地区 面积/km2 样本/个 原均值/10-6 现均值/10-6 变化量/10-6 变化率/% 评价 哈尔滨市 1647.1 415 1600.2 1437.8 -162.4 -10.15 重度 阿城区 2812.5 723 2217.4 2276.6 59.2 2.67 呼兰区 2615.2 658 1718.7 1631.9 -86.8 -5.05 中度 双城区 3114.8 778 1360.3 1369.8 9.3 0.68 五常市 4172.7 1046 1922.8 1813.3 -109.5 -5.69 中度 尚志县 2182.2 563 3471.1 3449.7 -21.4 -0.62 轻微 巴彦县 3138.3 794 2002.3 1830.4 -171.9 -8.59 重度 木兰县 2067.4 528 2555 2406.3 -148.7 -5.82 中度 宾县 3248 830 2036.5 1903 -133.5 -6.56 中度 延寿县 713.1 183 3141.5 3122.1 -19.3 -0.61 轻微 齐齐哈尔市 4449.3 1112 1819.9 1706.1 -113.8 -6.25 中度 龙江县 5880.2 1438 1831.7 1765.3 -66.4 -3.63 轻度 依安县 2041 494 2160.3 2209.3 48.9 2.26 泰来县 3915.5 965 1322.2 1151.1 -171.1 -12.94 重度 富裕县 3984.7 993 2160.7 2110 -50.7 -2.35 轻度 拜泉县 1516.7 364 2039.6 2109.7 70.1 3.44 甘南县 2760.9 673 2198.8 2180.2 -14.61 -0.66 轻微 讷河县 275.2 22 1985.3 1827.5 -157.8 -7.96 中度 大庆市 5052.9 1248 1414.2 1029 -385.2 -27.24 重度 杜蒙县 6037.1 1493 1472.2 1113.5 -358.7 -24.36 重度 林甸县 3489.2 862 2102.7 2193.5 90.8 4.32 肇源县 4141.9 1012 1423.7 1063.9 -359.8 -25.27 重度 肇州县 2445.9 610 1390.3 1460.7 70.4 5.06 绥化市 2750.4 702 2076.4 1961.8 -114.6 -5.52 中度 安达市 3617.6 891 1757.1 1690 -67.1 -3.82 轻度 肇东市 4327 1095 1690.6 1611.9 -78.7 -4.66 轻度 海伦市 2241.5 555 2203.6 2199.2 -4.4 -0.20 轻微 铁力市 1530 389 3076.2 3066.9 -9.3 -0.30 轻微 绥棱县 1318 328 2559.6 2616.1 56.5 2.21 望奎县 2314.5 589 2033.9 1876.1 -157.8 -7.76 中度 兰西县 2483.6 630 1738.9 1781.4 42.5 2.44 青岗县 2677.7 686 1941.2 1995.3 54.1 2.79 庆安县 3728 954 2851.1 2835.4 -15.7 -0.55 轻微 明水县 2294.7 583 2131.6 2151.5 19.9 0.93 注: 变化量=现均值-原均值, 增加为正值, 减少为负值; 变化率=变化量×100/原均值.
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