GEOLOGICAL RECORDS OF LATE CENOZOIC TECTONO-SEDIMENTARY-PALEOCLIMATIC EVENTS IN CHINA
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摘要:
中国区域地质调查工作的重点正在转向大面积覆盖区为主的平原、盆地、草原、荒漠等地区，向深部三维调查拓展.第四纪松散沉积层覆盖区区域地质调查的核心是揭示晚新生代地表过程、圈层相互关系，探讨人与自然的关系，服务于国家生态文明建设与生态环境保护.然而，覆盖区进行地质填图一个很大的难处是第四纪松散沉积层的侧向延伸往往很不稳定，要特别重视重要构造-沉积-古气候和古环境事件，如重要的不整合面、侵蚀面、火山岩层、湖相沉积，重要的海侵层、古气候沉积(如黄土、红土、黑土)，古文化层等.它们可以作为第四纪松散沉积层侧向对比的重要标志，并且往往具有等时性.东亚大陆构造演化及现代地貌特征主要受两大地球动力系统所控制，西部印度-欧亚板块碰撞、高原快速隆升并向北东方向扩展，东部太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲消减并在东亚大陆东缘形成复杂的沟-弧-盆系统.两大构造系统作用奠定了晚新生代以来中国地质演化背景，导致地球深部过程和地表环境发生重大变革.总体表现为青藏高原隆升、东部岩石圈伸展减薄，最终塑造了现今的宏观地貌形态和水系格局.本文针对第四纪松散沉积物覆盖层的这些特点，对中国晚新生代以来重要构造-沉积-古气候事件进行了梳理，总结了晚新生代这些重要事件的地质记录，特别是重要的沉积层、侵蚀面、不整合面、海侵层等，以便在覆盖区区域地质调查时对第四纪松散沉积层进行区域性对比.
Abstract:The focus of China's regional geological survey is being shifted to the largely overburden areas such as plains, basins, grasslands and deserts, and to the deep three-dimensional survey as well. The regional geological survey in Quaternary loose sediment covered area aims to reveal the surface process and the relationship between different spheres in late Cenozoic, and to explore the relationship between man and nature. However, a great difficulty in geological mapping in the covered area is that the lateral extension of Quaternary loose sediments is commonly unstable. Special attention should be paid to significant tectonic, sedimentary, paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental events, such as unconformities, erosion surfaces, volcanic rocks, lacustrine deposits, transgressive layers, paleoclimatic deposits(loess, laterite, black soil, etc.) and paleocultural layers. They are often isochronous and can serve as important signs of lateral correlation of Quaternary loose sediments. The tectono-geomorphic evolution of East Asian continent are mainly controlled by two geodynamic systems: the Indian-Eurasian plate collision in the west, making rapid uplift and northeastward extension of the plateau, and the subduction of the eastern Pacific plate towards the Eurasian continent, forming a complex trench-arc-basin system on the eastern edge of the East Asian continent. The two tectonic systems have established the geological background of China since late Cenozoic, resulting in significant changes in the earth's deep process and surface environment. The overall performance is the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the extension and thinning of eastern lithosphere, which finally shaped the current landform and water system pattern. According to these characteristics of Quaternary loose sediment cover, this paper analyzes the important tectono-sedimentary-paleoclimatic events since late Cenozoic in China, and summarizes the geological records of these events, especially the important sedimentary layer, erosion surface, unconformities, transgressive layers, etc., so as to make a regional comparison of Quaternary loose sediment in the regional geological survey of the covered area.
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表 1 华北第四纪地层分区对比
Table 1. Regional correlation of Quaternary stratigraphy in North China
地层 年龄/Ma 鄂尔多斯地块周缘盆地区 鄂尔多斯地块内部黄土高原 华北平原 六盘山-银川盆地区 河套盆地区 渭河盆地区 山西地堑区 河北平原小区 鲁豫小区 全新统 上段 0.01 湖积层 滴哨沟组 半坡组(耕植土, 黑土) 冲洪积等 全新世黄土 亚黏土层 临沂组、泰安组、沂河组 下段 灵武组 大沟湾组 更新统 上更新统 0.1 水洞沟组 城川组 马兰组 亁县组 马兰组 马兰组 马兰组 欧庄组 大站组 吉兰泰组、萨拉乌苏组 萨拉乌苏组 泄湖组 中更新统 0.78 贺兰组 湖积层 离石组 离石组 小渡口组/周口店组 离石组 杨柳青组 金山组 阳郭组 下更新统 2.58 银川组或玉门组、羊圈堡砾岩 湖积层 固安组 
三门组上段 午城组 泥河湾组 午城组 
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表 2 黄河贯通三门峡的时代
Table 2. The time of the Yellow River passed through Sanmenxia
研究对象 贯通时代 主要证据 参考文献 构造地貌 黄河扣马段河流阶地 ＞1.165 Ma 最高级阶地上1.165 Ma开始堆积黄土 [76] 黄河三门峡段河流阶地 3.63~1.24 Ma 黄河三门峡段上新世夷平面之下发育5级河流阶地; 夷平面以及最高级阶地的形成时代分别为3.63 Ma和1.24 Ma [77] 三门峡段河流阶地及渭河盆地河湖相沉积 1.3~1.4 Ma 三门峡最高级河流阶地之上和渭河盆地中具有黄河上游碎屑锆石年龄分布特征的沉积物分别出现于1.3 Ma和1.4 Ma [78] 沉积响应 三门峡盆地黄底沟剖面 0.15 Ma 三门古湖0.15 Ma结束湖相沉积 [33, 79] 邙山黄土 L2以上粒度偏粗, 沉积速率增大 [80] 200~250 ka 利用磁化率和粒度重新标定了邙山黄土的时代, 发现S2之后沉积速率及粒度发生明显变化 [81] 约900 ka L9黄土(约900 ka)中已经出现了黄河物源 [82] 河南东部平原沉积物 0.78 Ma 黄河冲积平原B/M界线(0.78 Ma)上下沉积物特征、孢粉特征以及重矿物组合明显不同 [83] 汾渭盆地与河南平原更新统介形类化石 0.78~1.0 Ma 更新统介形类化石组合特征中更新世前后发生明显变化 [84] 黄河三角洲石化2孔 早更新世 钻孔埋深223 m处上下沉积物元素组成存在明显差异, 其上与黄河接近, 其下与黄河明显不同 [85] 渤海湾西岸G4孔 1.6 Ma 地球化学组成指示1.6 Ma物源发生变化 [86] 渤海BH08孔及南黄海NHH01孔 880 ka 稀土元素和黏土矿物组成指示物源在880 ka由近源小型山地河流为主, 转变为以远源多组分的黄河沉积物为主 [87] 南黄海西部CSDP-1孔 0.8 Ma 黏土矿物和Sr-Nd同位素指示物源在0.8 Ma由长江转为以黄河为主 [88] 渤海湾西岸G2、G3及CK3 1.6~1.5 Ma G2、G3及CK3中的碎屑锆石年龄谱在1.6~1.5 Ma发生明显变化 [89] 据文献[68].
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表 3 长江贯通时代的不同观点
Table 3. Different viewpoints about the time when the Yangtze River runs through
研究对象 贯通时代 主要证据 参考文献 江汉盆地阶地 0.75 Ma 长江第五、四级阶地沉积物中的锆石U-Pb年龄谱具有长江上游的特征 [101] 江汉盆地钻孔 早于第四纪初期 与第四纪沉积物相比, 上新世沉积物的εNd(0)值较低, 显示其物源不同 [102] 南京雨花台组长江砾石层 23 Ma 长江上游物质在渐新世或者最晚在渐新世/中新世之交到达南京地区 [97] 兴化XH-1孔 2.32 Ma 磁化率和粒度的相关性在2.32 Ma发生了变化, 分别与淮河下游和长江下游现代沉积物的记录相一致 [100] 长江口PD-99孔 ＞2.58 Ma 指示长江上游物质的独居石年龄＜25 Ma颗粒在河口地区地层出现 [103] 长江口DY03孔 3.1 Ma 常量和微量元素结果显示, 沉积物来源在3.1 Ma由近源转变为远源 [104] 长江口DY03孔 ＞3.2 Ma 锆石U-Pb年龄谱结果显示, 3.2 Ma以来沉积物碎屑锆石中识别出大量来自长江上游的年龄信息 [98] 东海盆地钻孔沉积物 中新世晚期 现代长江锆石谱首次在中新世晚期出现 [105]
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表 4 黄淮海平原沿海地区的海侵期次划分
Table 4. Transgressive periods in the coastal areas of the Yellow River-Huaihe-Haihe plain
地点 海侵期次及名称 参考文献 黄骅、沧州、保定等地 渤海海进(早更新世), 海兴海进(中更新世), 黄骅海进(晚更新世早期), 白洋淀海进(晚更新世早期), 沧州海进(晚更新世早期), 天津海进(全新世) [153] 渤海湾西岸 沧州海侵(102~70 ka), 献县海侵(39~23 ka), 黄骅海侵(8~2 ka) [154] 河北平原东部 海兴海进, 黄骅海进, 青县海进, 沧西海进(40~20 ka), 献县海进(8. 5~5. 5 ka), 沧东海进(5~3. 5 ka) [162] 中国东部平原 星轮虫海侵(110~70 ka), 假轮虫海侵(40~25 ka), 卷转虫海侵(15~2 ka) [156] 台湾海峡以北沿海平原 盘旋虫海侵(中更新世早期), 星轮虫海侵(晚更新世早期), 假轮虫海侵(晚更新世中期), 卷转虫海侵(全新世) [157] 渤海西、南岸平原 早更新世(2. 26 Ma), 中更新世(约0. 30 Ma), 晚更新世(约100 ka), 晚更新世(39~24 ka)、全新世(＜10 ka) [158-159] 长江三角洲 如皋海侵(早更新世中期)、上海海侵(中更新世早期)、太湖海侵(晚更新世早期)、滆湖海侵(晚更新世晚期)、镇江海侵(全新世) [161] 据文献[68].
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