Research Progress on Decyanation of Cyanide Tailings and Recovery of Valuable Metal Resources
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摘要:
全球约75%的金矿选矿厂采用氰化浸金法，每年产生大量氰化尾渣，造成资源的严重浪费，威胁生态环境及人类健康。本文围绕氰化尾渣成分及国内外处理现状，分析了氰化尾渣脱氰技术及应用，并着重分析了氰化尾渣中金、银、铜、铅、锌、铁和碲等有价金属的回收利用技术。通过对氰化尾渣脱氰方式和有价金属回收利用两个方面研究进展的总结，为氰化尾渣的无害化与资源化提供了参考和借鉴。
Abstract:Approximately 75% of gold ore processing plants in the world apply cyanidation leaching method, which produces a large amount of cyanidation tailings. It causes serious waste of resources and threatens the ecological environment and human health. Focusing on the present situation of cyanidation tailings over the world, this paper analyses the decyanidation technology and application. Simultaneously, this paper emphatically analyzes the recycling technology of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, tellurium and other valuable metals in cyanidation tailings. Eventually, this paper summarizes the research progress of decyanation method of cyaniding tailings and recycling of valuable metals, and provides a reference for the harmless and recycling of cyaniding tailings.
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Key words:
- gold mine /
- cyanide tailings /
- decyanation technology /
- metal recovery
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表 1 常见氰化提金方法的特点
Table 1. Characteristic of common methods for cyanide gold extraction
氰化方法 适用金矿 回收率 优点 缺点 堆浸法 低品位金银矿及尾矿 65%~80% 基建简单、费用低、操作方便 占地面积大、浸出时间长、对矿石性质要求严格 池浸法 低品位金银矿及尾矿，黏土量较低 50%~70% 成本较低，利于低品位金矿回收 浸出时间长、需浸出池等设施，初期成本高 炭浸法(CIL) 含硫银量较低、含泥量较高金矿 > 90% 边浸出边吸附、基建投资和生产费用低 载金炭消耗严重 炭浆法(CIP) 氧化程度较深且不含铜、锡及含碳物质等的矿石 > 90% 技术简单、操作方便，活性炭循环利用，消耗小 浸出与吸附分离，占地面积大，基建投资高 
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表 2 常见氰化尾渣脱氰方法特点
Table 2. Charcteristic of common decyanation methods for cyanide tailings
脱氰方法 原理 优点 缺点 臭氧氧化法[21] 臭氧氧化 工艺简单，对硫氰化物去除率高，效果好 臭氧消耗量大，成本较高 过氧化氢氧化法[26] 过氧化氢氧化 可处理含氰废水和矿浆，产物无污染 药剂昂贵，消耗量大成本高，不能氧化SCN- Inco法[25] 用二氧化硫和空气作氧化剂 效果较好，成本低 不能有效回收有价金属 固液分离洗涤法[26] 矿浆压榨—洗涤 无二次污染，可回收矿浆中有价元素 耗水量大，成本较高，处理效果存在极限 氯氧法[27] 氯系氧化剂氧化 工艺较成熟，能去除有毒重金属 氯系氧化剂有毒，与铜形成络合物，使铜超标 生物法 微生物或植物氧化 成本较低，针对性较好 微生物对环境要求较高 联合工艺[27] OOT、PAM化等药剂联合氧化 除氰效果好，速率快 需要使用多种药剂
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