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摘要:
煤矸石是煤炭开采加工过程产生的废弃物，其体量大、污染高和处理难，煤矸石含有大量的硅铝成分，是一种很宝贵的硅铝资源。气凝胶是一种结构可控的多孔轻质材料，它是目前已知体积密度最小的固体物质，可应用于保温隔热、催化和航天等多种领域。如何利用廉价的原材料制备高性能气凝胶从而降低生产成本，实现高值化利用是发展气凝胶材料的关键技术之一。阐述了煤矸石在煅烧活化和碱熔活化两种活化方式下硅铝的溶出效果，以及水洗和溶剂置换、离子液体萃取、阳离子交换树脂等对活化浸出溶液的几种除杂手段，并对比了一步溶出法和两步溶出法制备SiO2气凝胶和SiO2-Al2O3气凝胶的工艺方案以及最终产品性能，旨在为煤矸石的高值化利用及气凝胶的低成本制备提供参考。
Abstract:Coal gangue is the waste produced in the process of coal mining and processing. It has large volume, high pollution and difficult to deal with. Coal gangue contains a lot of silicon and aluminum components, so making full use of it will be a very valuable silicon and aluminum resources.Aerogel is a kind of porous lightweight material with controllable structure. It is a solid substance with the smallest known volume density. It can be used in many fields such as thermal insulation, catalysis and aerospace.How to use cheap raw materials to prepare high performance aerogel to reduce production cost and realize high value utilization is one of the key technologies to develop aerogel materials.The dissolution effect of silica and aluminum from coal gangue under calcination activation and alkali fusion activation, as well as several means of removing impurities from activated leaching solution, such as water washing, solvent replacement, ionic liquid extraction and cation exchange resin, are described.The process scheme and final product performance of SiO2 aerogel and SiO2-Al2O3 aerogel prepared by one-step dissolution method and two-step dissolution method were compared, aiming to provide reference for high-value utilization of coal gangue and low-cost preparation of aerogel.
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Key words:
- coal gangue /
- aerogel /
- activation /
- purificatio /
- dissolution method
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表 1 不同煤矸石的化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of different coal gangue
/% 煤矸石 SiO2含量 Al2O3含量 Fe2O3含量 CaO含量 MgO含量 山西 48~71 7~55 0.3~18.0 0.3~8.5 0.5~33.0 新疆 9.7~70.2 0.2~17.1 1.1~5.4 1.2~18.5 1.1~18.3 淮南 56.2~57.7 27.3~27.8 6.2~10.7 1.1~1.6 0.5~1.8 贵州 23.0~48.6 6.3~27.6 1.1~19.0 0.1~13.9 0.4~3.6 
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表 2 不同碱浸条件下SiO2浸出率
Table 2. Extraction rates of SiO2 under different alkaline leaching conditions
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