Research Progress on the Application and Interaction Mechanism between Specific Microorganisms and Heavy Metals in Soil
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摘要: 随着经济的发展，矿产资源的开采和利用程度越来越高，一方面发现有地表露头矿床的几率越来越小，另一方面其造成的重金属污染严重危害环境和人类健康。自然界中的微生物与扩散到环境中的重金属会产生相互作用，具有这种特异性的细菌既可应用于指示隐伏金属矿床，亦可应用于重金属污染生物修复。本文从特异性微生物与重金属相互作用微观机制、微生物找矿、重金属污染土壤的微生物修复三个方面，对其研究现状和进展进行了评述，重点对特异性微生物与重金属离子发生的吸附、累积与转化过程，微生物改变重金属元素分布、赋存状态和毒性作用机理，蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）与金的作用机制及其在寻找隐伏金矿的应用潜力，特异性微生物通过代谢产物吸附去除土壤中重金属元素及其辅助植物修复重金属污染等方面进行了介绍和阐述。Abstract: Economic development requires exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. It is difficult to find surface outcrop deposits, which will cause soil pollution by heavy metals that is a severe hazard to the environment and human health. Microorganisms in nature interact with heavy metals in air. Microorganisms with this specificity can be applied to metal prospect exploration and environmental bioremediation of heavy metal pollution. Interaction mechanisms between specific microorganisms and heavy metals and its application to exploration and environmental bioremediation of heavy metal pollution have been reviewed. The focus of this paper is on the adsorption, accumulation and transformation process between specific microorganisms and heavy metal ions, as well as the mechanism of microbial organisms changing heavy metal distribution, occurrence and toxicity. The interaction mechanism between Bacillus cereus and gold and its application potential to find concealed gold deposits were reviewed. Removal of heavy metals in the soil by the specific microorganism through the adsorption of metabolites and assisting plants to repair heavy metal pollution were introduced and elaborated upon.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- specific microorganism /
- microbial prospecting /
- bioremediation
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表 1 特异性微生物增强重金属的植物修复研究实例
Table 1. Specific microorganism enhanced phytoremediation of metal contaminated soil
特异性微生物 植物 重金属 影响机制 文献 假单孢菌(AGB-1) 芒草(Miscanthus sinensis) As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 通过增加植物生物量、叶绿素、蛋白质、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性增加重金属的累积 [77] 假单孢菌(Lk9) 龙葵(Solanum nigrum) Cd、Zn、Cu 改善土壤环境中Fe和P的活性，提高植物生物量及其对Cd、Zn、Cu的吸收 [78] 假单孢菌
(PsF84、PsF610)香天竺葵
(Pelargonium graveolens)Cr 分泌吲哚乙酸和铁载体，增加P的活性，提高植物生物量和叶绿素的含量，促进Cr(Ⅵ)在根部的螯合 [79] 拉恩菌属
(JN6)毛蓼(Polygonum pubescens)
和甘蓝型油菜
(Brassica napus)Cd、Pb、Zn 分泌吲哚乙酸和铁载体，提高植物对高浓度Cd、Pb、Zn的耐受性并促进油菜对重金属的吸收与固定 [80] 芽孢杆菌(E2S2、E1S2、E4S1)，
寡养单孢菌(E1L)景天
(Sedum plumbizincicola)Cd、Pb、Zn 接种细菌后增加Cd和Zn可提取态含量，促进植物生长及其对重金属的吸收 [81] 芽孢杆菌
(MN3-4)桤木(Alnus firma)和
甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu 分泌吲哚乙酸，促进铅的生物降解及甘蓝根幼苗根的伸长，减少金属植物毒性，促进桤木对Pb积累 [82] 微杆菌(NCr-8)，
节杆菌(NCr-1)，
芽孢杆菌(NCr-5、NCr-9)天蓝遏蓝菜
(Noccaea caerulescens)、
穿叶遏蓝菜
(Thlaspi perfoliatum)Ni 增强植物的生长和重金属Ni的迁移 [83] 沙雷氏菌
(LRE07)龙葵
(Solanum nigrum L.)Cd 促进植物生长，增加植物生物量及叶片中光合色素的含量 [84] 伯克霍尔德氏菌(SaZR4)，
鞘氨醇单孢菌
(SaMR12，Variovorax sp. SaNR1)东南景天
(Sedum alfredii Hance)Zn、Cd SaMR12和SaNR1促进植物生长及其对Zn、Cd的吸收，SaZR4只促进Zn的吸收 [85] 
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