The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Heavy Metal Translocation, Transformation and Accumulation in the Soil-Plant Continuum: Underlying Mechanisms and Ecological Implications
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摘要: 丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）是在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在的一类专性共生土壤微生物，能够与80%左右的陆地植物建立共生关系。AMF从宿主植物获取碳水化合物以维系自身生长；作为回报，AMF能够帮助植物从土壤中吸收矿质养分和水分。很多研究表明，AM共生体系对于植物适应各种逆境胁迫（如贫瘠、干旱、环境污染等）具有重要作用。在土壤重金属污染情况下，AMF能够通过多种途径影响植物对重金属的吸收、累积和解毒过程，并对植物产生保护效应。本文围绕AM对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移、转化和累积过程的影响机制，系统评述了金属元素种类及污染程度、宿主植物和AMF种类，以及土壤理化性质等因素对AM植物吸收累积重金属的影响，并从AMF对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的直接作用（包括菌丝吸收和固持，以及改变根际重金属形态等），及AMF改善植物矿质营养促进植物生长从而间接增强植物重金属耐性两方面讨论了AM增强植物重金属耐性的机理，系统总结了相关研究领域的前沿动态。最后，对菌根技术在农田和矿区重金属污染土壤生物修复中的应用前景进行了展望。Abstract:
BACKGROUNDArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil fungi in natural and agricultural ecosystems. They are obligate symbionts that can form symbiotic association with the majority of terrestrial plants. AMF obtains carbohydrates from host plants to maintain its own growth; in return, AMF can help plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil. Many studies demonstrate the importance of AM symbiosis in plant adaptation to various environmental stresses, including nutrient deficiency, drought stress and heavy metal (HM) contamination. OBJECTIVESTo summarize the underlying mechanisms for the enhanced plant tolerance to HMs by AM symbiosis, and to overview the possible involvements of AMF in HM translocation, transformation and accumulation in the soil-plant continuum. METHODSA literature review was conducted and a total of 189 publications were identified, from 1984 to 2018. Direct and indirect involvements of AMF in metal uptake and accumulation by host plants have been overviewed. Key factors influencing the mycorrhizal effects have been fully discussed. RESULTSAMF can take an active part in HM uptake, accumulation and detoxification, resulting in protective effects on host plants against HMs. On one hand, AMF can directly immobilize HMs, influence bioavailability of HMs, and consequently influence HM uptake and accumulation by host plants. On the other hand, AMF can also indirectly influence plant tolerance to HM by improving plant mineral nutrition and promoting plant growth. The mycorrhizal effects can be influenced largely by HM type and contamination level, plant and AM fungal species, and soil chemo-physical properties. CONCLUSIONSAMF can essentially influence plant metal uptake and tolerance, thus can be used for ecological restoration of HM contaminated soils. Future research should go deep into the stress physiology of AMF. The effectiveness of AMF in bioremediation is also expected to be tested under field conditions. -
Key words:
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi /
- heavy metal /
- tolerance /
- bioremediation
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