Assessment of Soil Environment Quality and Ecological Risk for Kiwifruit Orchards in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province
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摘要: 果园土壤环境与果品产量和质量及食用安全性关系密切。已有研究表明目前我国猕猴桃果园土壤中普遍存在养分含量不足、分布不均的问题，个别地区发现有重金属含量超标的现象。浙江省近年来猕猴桃种植面积连年扩大，已是我国重要的猕猴桃产区之一。为查明该省江山市猕猴桃果园土壤环境质量现状，本文选择了两处典型猕猴桃果园采集土壤、岩石、果实样品，采用原子荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱等技术测定土壤和岩石样品中的重金属、养分元素、土壤理化指标和果实样品中的重金属含量。以果园土壤中养分元素丰缺与影响因素、重金属元素含量与果实食用安全性为主要研究内容，开展了猕猴桃果园土壤环境质量与生态风险评价。结果表明：①两处果园土壤中Ag、Bi、Co、Cr、Ni、Sb、Se、V、SiO2等含量低于衢州市和浙江省土壤背景值，Pb、Al2O3等高于衢州市和浙江省土壤背景值，土壤中元素含量受自然地质背景控制的特征明显；②土壤pH值范围为4.61~6.30，按DZ/T 0295-2016《土地质量地球化学评价规范》中土壤酸碱度分级标准，属于强酸性和酸性土壤；③养分元素K、Ge、Mo、Zn较丰富，但N、P、Mn、S较缺乏；④土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn含量最大值分别为21.84、0.22、23.53、20.47、0.06、8.82、53.84、133mg/kg，远低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值（pH ≤ 5.5时标准限值分别为40、0.3、150、150、1.3、60、70、200mg/kg），土壤污染风险低；⑤猕猴桃果实中的重金属含量低于绿色食品限值和食品卫生标准限值，如As含量最高为0.009mg/kg，其限值分别为0.2mg/kg和0.5mg/kg。整体上，研究区土壤具有养分分布不均匀、重金属含量低、酸性强的特点，建议采取科学措施补充和平衡土壤养分，防范土壤酸化导致的重金属活化风险。Abstract:
BACKGROUNDThe orchard soil environment is closely related to kiwifruit yield, quality and its edible safety. Research shows that the nutrient insufficiency and uneven distribution in kiwifruit orchard soil is a common problem in China, and in some areas, the content of heavy metals in soil has been found to exceed the environmental quality standard for soils. In recent years, the planting area of Kiwifruit in Zhejiang Province has been expanded year by year, being one of the important kiwifruit producing areas in China. OBJECTIVESTo study the present situation of soil environmental quality in kiwifruit orchards in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province. METHODSTwo typical kiwifruit orchards were selected to collect samples of soil, rock and fruit, and the content of heavy metals, nutrients and physical and chemical parameters of soil and rock samples were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The environmental quality and ecological risk assessment of orchard soil were carried out with the main research contents of nutrient abundance and deficiency in orchard soil, influence factors, heavy metal content and fruit edible safety. RESULTSThe results showed that the content of Ag, Bi, Co, Cr, Ni, Sb, Se, V and SiO2 in the soil of the two orchards were lower than those of Quzhou City and Zhejiang Province, while Pb and Al2O3 contents were higher than those of Quzhou City and Zhejiang Province. The characteristics of soil element content were obviously controlled by the natural geological background. Soil pH value ranged from 4.61 to 6.30. According to the classification standard in DZ/T 0295-2016, the soils in the studied area belonged to strong acidic and acidic soils. Nutrient elements K, Ge, Mo and Zn were abundant, but N, P, Mn and S were deficient. The maximum value of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil samples were 21.84, 0.22, 23.53, 20.47, 0.06, 8.82, 53.84 and 133mg/kg, respectively, which were far lower than the screening value of soil pollution risk for agricultural land (standard limit were 40, 0.3, 150, 150, 1.3, 60, 70, 200mg/kg when pH ≤ 5.5). The risk of soil pollution was low. The contents of heavy metals in kiwifruit fruit were lower than the limits of green food and food hygiene standards. For example, the highest content of As was 0.009mg/kg, the limit were 0.2mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONSOn the whole, the soils in the study area have the characteristics of strong acidity, uneven distribution of nutrients and low content of heavy metals. It is necessary to take scientific measures to supple and balance soil nutrients and prevent the risk of heavy metals activation caused by soil acidification. -
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表 1 样品采集信息
Table 1. Information of the samples
果园 位置 面积(亩) 海拔(m) 果实样品编号 土壤样品编号 岩石样品编号 果园A 坑尾村 400 500~700 M01，M02，M03 MS01，MS02，MS03 MR01 果园B 柴谷岭村 600 300 M04，M05，M06 MS04，MS05，MS06 MR02 
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表 2 各指标分析测试检出限
Table 2. Detection limits of the elements
分析项目 检出限 单位 Ag 20 ng/g As 1 μg/g Bi 0.05 μg/g Cd 20 ng/g Co 1 μg/g Cr 5 μg/g Cu 1 μg/g Ge 0.1 μg/g Hg 2 ng/g La 1 μg/g Mn 10 μg/g Mo 0.2 μg/g N 20 μg/g Ni 2 μg/g P 10 μg/g Pb 2 μg/g S 50 μg/g Sb 0.05 μg/g Sc 1 μg/g Se 0.01 μg/g Sn 1 μg/g Ti 10 μg/g Tl 0.1 μg/g V 5 μg/g W 0.2 μg/g Zn 2 μg/g Zr 2 μg/g SiO2 0.1 % Al2O3 0.1 % TFe2O3 0.1 % MgO 0.05 % CaO 0.05 % Na2O 0.05 % K2O 0.05 % OrgC 0.1 % TC 0.1 % 注：土壤、岩石、果实样品经加工处理后，同一元素采用相同的分析仪器和测试方法，故检出限合并在同一个表中列出。
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表 3 土壤和岩石样品元素含量对比
Table 3. Comparison of elements concentration in soils and rocks of research area
分析项目 衢州市背景值 浙江省背景值 MS01 MS02 MS03 MS04 MS05 MS06 MR01 MR02 Ag* 68.2 257 28.4 31.09 43.51 24.63 36.92 50.67 65.07 34.16 As 7.66 9.2 3.14 5.32 2.66 12.92 21.84 15.83 1.67 31.56 Bi 0.35 0.23 0.10 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.02 0.06 Cd* 201 70 219.13 48.22 83 73.94 64.39 119.62 77.90 69.16 Co 8.1 13.2 5.51 3.66 6.08 6.34 5.97 6.86 1.64 5.25 Cr 57.5 52.9 10.95 23.53 9.62 7.25 8.42 5.12 5.76 3.32 Cu 24.8 17.6 11.16 9.5 14.47 7.98 8.93 20.47 3.11 3.95 Ge 78.6 62 1.53 1.47 1.35 1.61 1.54 1.5 1.29 2.17 Hg* 78.8 86 56.78 64.18 46.92 44.95 56.29 71.57 5.25 4.19 La 41.8 33.8 47.94 26.7 66.65 88.73 92.73 108.01 60.85 121.79 Mn 330 448 214 156 476 543 503 641 488.70 420.58 Mo 1.16 5.7 1.15 1.68 0.89 0.6 0.72 0.66 1.00 0.95 pH / / 5.29 4.95 6.30 4.61 4.71 5.92 / / N 1187 / 561 640 669 582 709 900 51.35 94.82 Ni 17.2 24.6 6.48 8.82 6.5 3.77 4.33 3.36 2.10 2.94 P 583 471 1560 374 687 559 691 1178 202.80 317.82 Pb 31.5 23.7 53.84 37.14 45.34 45.61 41.72 44.79 35.73 29.95 S 283 / 172.7 197 185 129 144 144 53.30 68.50 Sb 0.74 1.53 0.37 0.51 0.35 0.39 0.54 0.41 0.19 0.44 Sc 8.85 9.45 5.76 6.56 4.92 10.18 10.37 9.65 3.00 7.82 Se 0.36 0.435 0.23 0.36 0.31 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.03 0.03 Sn 4.61 3 2.61 3.18 2.54 2.31 2.64 2.73 2.18 2.13 Ti 4567 3700 1408 2106 1384 2952 3020 2941 1000 2537 Tl 0.68 0.5 0.79 0.7 1.02 0.55 0.53 0.64 0.79 1.70 V 78.4 69.3 19.3 32.2 25 26.8 27.2 27.8 10.68 26.36 W 1.87 2.91 1.67 1.65 1.41 2.43 3.1 2.53 1.39 5.72 Zn 79.6 70.6 89 66 94 76 83 133 51.71 70.81 Zr 285 245 186 216 181 327 378 360 154.27 323.62 SiO2× 74.92 / 71 70.38 69.04 65.94 66.63 65.9 70.61 67.23 Al2O3× 12.14 12.45 15.26 15.06 14.8 19.91 20.19 18.66 12.85 18.33 TFe2O3× 4.21 3.19 2.59 3.09 2.25 3.77 4.03 3.54 1.69 2.99 MgO× 0.65 0.73 0.33 0.28 0.25 0.68 0.63 0.76 0.23 0.51 CaO× 0.28 0.17 0.26 0.15 0.61 0.12 0.12 0.31 0.90 0.11 Na2O× 0.28 0.51 0.07 0.05 0.13 0.32 0.25 0.35 1.62 0.33 K2O× 2.35 1.78 1.85 1.53 2.96 3.73 3.17 4.71 5.11 5.23 OrgC × / / 0.57 0.82 1.04 0.6 0.75 0.84 0.07 0.08 TC× 1.36 / 0.56 0.77 1.02 0.58 0.72 0.8 0.19 0.04 注：元素含量单位为mg/kg，标注“*”的元素含量单位为μg/kg，标注“×”的元素含量单位为%，pH无量纲，“/”表示无数据。
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表 4 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
Table 4. Screening values of soil pollution risk for agricultural land
污染物项目 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn pH≤5.5标准限值(mg/kg) 40 0.3 150 150 1.3 60 70 200 5.5＜pH≤6.5标准限值(mg/kg) 40 0.3 150 150 1.8 70 90 200 本研究中样品最大值(mg/kg) 21.84 0.22 23.53 20.47 0.06 8.82 53.84 133 注：重金属和类金属砷均按元素总量计。
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表 5 果实中元素含量与标准限值对比
Table 5. Comparison of element contents in fruits with their standard limits
分析项目 限量值①
(mg/kg)限量值②
(mg/kg)测定最大值
(mg/kg)与标准符合情况 砷(以As计) ≤0.2 0.5 0.009 符合标准 铅(以Pb计) ≤0.2 0.1 0.01 符合标准 镉(以Cd计) ≤0.01 0.05 0.0007 符合标准 汞(以Hg计) ≤0.01 0.01 0.0009 符合标准 铬(以Cr计) / 0.5 0.01 符合标准 注：限量值①指标准NY/T 425—2000《绿色食品猕猴桃》中的限值；限量值②指标准GB 2762—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》中的限值。限量值②中As、Hg、Cr的限值为参照新鲜蔬菜的值，“/”表示无相关数据。
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表 6 果实中元素富集系数
Table 6. Element enrichment coefficient in fruits
样品编号 富集系数 As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn M01 0.0005 0.0033 0.0013 0.0436 0.0002 0.0060 0.0002 0.0029 M02 0.0005 0.0047 0.0003 0.1195 0.0008 0.0048 0.0003 0.0011 M03 0.0009 0.0050 0.0006 0.0243 0.0003 0.0041 0.0001 0.0032 M04 0.0002 0.0065 0.0010 0.0487 0.0019 0.0104 0.0002 0.0033 M05 0.0001 0.0089 0.0006 0.0358 0.0007 0.0082 0.0002 0.0049 M06 0.0006 0.0049 0.0027 0.0256 0.0008 0.0108 0.0002 0.0069
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