Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Changdao Island and their sources and pollution assessment
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摘要:
通过对长岛北部海域101个站位表层沉积物进行取样,研究了表层沉积物类型和粒度分布,探讨了As、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd、Cu、Zn和Ni等8种重金属元素的含量、分布特征及其相关性,并采用潜在生态风险指数法、沉积物环境质量评价和地累积指数法对该海域重金属情况进行了风险评价。结果表明:重金属元素主要在大钦岛南部、北隍城岛北部和小钦岛北部海域富集;大部分重金属元素与平均粒径呈显著正相关;沉积物类型受潮流及地形地貌等因素影响。风险评价结果表明:研究区整体处于很低的风险环境,潜在生态风险指数法显示仅部分站位中Cd和Hg处在中等生态风险;内梅罗综合污染指数法显示As仅在小钦岛西北部海域为尚清洁环境,Cr仅在各岛屿周边海域为尚清洁环境;地累积指数法显示Cd仅在大钦岛西南部和北隍城岛西部海域处于轻微污染环境。来源分析表明:Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn、Hg、Ni和Cr受养殖、排污等人类活动影响,As仅受到岛屿及近岸土母质影响。
Abstract:A survey was conducted in July-August 2020 to evaluate the risk of heavy metals in the northern waters of Changdao, surface sediments from 101 sites were sampled, the types and particle size distributions of the surface sediments were studied, and the content, distribution characteristics, and correlations of 8 types of heavy metal elements were explored, including AS, PB, HG, CR, CD, CU, Zn, and Ni. The potential ecological risk index method, sediment environmental quality assessment, and geoaccumulation index method were used. Results show that heavy metal elements were mainly enriched in the waters of the southern part of Daqin Island, the northern part of Beihuangcheng Island, and the northern part of Xiaoqin Island. Most heavy metal elements were significantly positively correlated with the average particle size; sediment types were affected by tidal currents and topography. The results of risk assessment show that the study area was in a very low risk environment as a whole, and the potential ecological risk index method reflects that Cd and Hg in only some stations were at medium ecological risk; the sediment environmental quality assessment reflects that Cr, Cu and Zn were not in the natural background environment only in some sites; the geoaccumulation index method reflects that only some Cd sites were in a slightly polluted environment. The source analysis shows that the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ni, and Cr were affected by human activities such as aquaculture and sewage discharge, while that of As was only affected by natural soils in nearby islands and nearshores.
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Key words:
- Changdao Island /
- surface sediments /
- heavy metals /
- risk assessment /
- source analysis
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表 1 沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数划分标准[26]
Table 1. Criteria for classification of ecological hazards of heavy metals in surface sediments
项目 潜在生态风险指数 极强 很强 强 中等 轻微 ≥320 160~320 80~160 40~80 <40 RI ≥600 300~600 150~300 <150 表 2 地累积指数级别标准
Table 2. Pollution level criteria for index of geoaccumulation
Igeo 污染程度 污染级别 5 极强污染 Ⅶ 4~5 较强污染 Ⅵ 3~4 强污染 Ⅴ 2~3 中强污染 Ⅳ 1~2 中度污染 Ⅲ 0~1 轻微污染 Ⅱ <0 未污染 Ⅰ 表 3 沉积物分区粒度参数
Table 3. Distribution of grain size parameters of the surface sediments in different areas
沉积分区 平均粒径/Φ 标准偏差 偏态 峰态
砂质粉砂区最大值 6.20 2.35 0.42 0.95 最小值 4.71 1.95 0.03 0.77 平均值 5.45 2.12 0.21 0.85
含砾沉积区最大值 4.44 2.25 0.65 2.51 最小值 2.42 1.08 0.38 0.80 平均值 3.46 1.70 0.55 1.75
粉砂质砂区最大值 5.38 2.38 0.61 2.29 最小值 2.27 0.78 0.18 0.79 平均值 4.02 1.85 0.38 1.21 表 4 研究区表层沉积物重金属含量及参数
Table 4. Concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediments in the study area
元素 最大值/
(mg/kg)最小值/
(mg/kg)平均值/
(mg/kg)标准差/
(mg/kg)变异
系数/%As 14.51 4.26 7 1.58 23 Pb 23.2 15.82 18.95 1.41 7 Hg 0.0407 0.0067 0.0166 0.0057 34 Cr 66.28 8.83 43.85 12.61 29 Cd 0.19 0.03 0.09 0.03 37 Cu 22.17 5.94 12.29 3.96 32 Zn 67.55 10.43 36.14 13 36 Ni 28.88 4.29 14.5 5.74 41 表 5 表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数
Table 5. Potential ecological risk coefficients of heavy metals in the surface sediments
单个元素潜在生态风险指数() RI Cr Cu Pb Zn Cd Hg As Ni 最大值 2.33 5.04 5.80 1.06 64.04 45.22 16.12 5.35 111.15 最小值 0.31 1.35 3.96 0.16 9.69 7.44 4.73 0.80 36.66 平均值 1.54 2.79 4.74 0.56 30.71 18.42 7.78 2.69 66.27 标准偏差 0.44 0.90 0.35 0.20 11.46 6.33 1.76 1.06 17.95 表 6 表层沉积物重金属污染指数
Table 6. Heavy metal pollution index of the surface sediments
单项污染指数(Pi) 内梅罗污染指数
PCr Cu Pb Zn Cd Hg As Ni 最大值 0.83 0.59 0.39 0.45 0.38 0.20 0.73 0.38 0.65 最小值 0.11 0.17 0.26 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.21 0.06 0.25 平均值 0.54 0.35 0.32 0.24 0.18 0.08 0.36 0.21 0.44 标准偏差 0.16 0.11 0.02 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.11 表 7 表层沉积物地累积指数
Table 7. Geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in the surface sediments
参数 Cr Cu Pb Zn Cd Hg As Ni
Igeo最大值 −0.37 −0.57 −0.37 −0.51 0.51 −0.41 −0.02 −0.49 最小值 −3.3 −2.47 −0.92 −3.20 −2.21 −3.01 −1.66 −3.23 平均值 −1.06 −1.51 −0.67 −1.53 −0.68 −1.80 −0.99 −1.62 表 8 沉积物中各成分含量相关性分析
Table 8. Correlation analysis of components content in the sediments
Mz Cr Cu Pb Zn Cd Hg As Ni Fe2O3 Al2O3 有机质 Mz 1 Cr 0.84** 1 Cu 0.93** 0.86** 1 Pb 0.46** 0.49** 0.54** 1 Zn 0.94** 0.92** 0.94** 0.54** 1 Cd 0.65** 0.53** 0.60** 0.36** 0.60** 1 Hg 0.67** 0.59** 0.73** 0.48** 0.69** 0.60** 1 As −0.02 −0.05 0.06 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.08 1 Ni 0.94** 0.92** 0.94** 0.52** 0.98** 0.59** 0.67** 0.04 1 Fe2O3 0.62** 0.78** 0.68** 0.39** 0.71** 0.37** 0.48** 0.11 0.72** 1 Al2O3 0.45** 0.92** 0.51** 0.35** 0.59** 0.10 0.21* 0.20* 0.60** 0.73** 1 有机质 0.81** 0.78** 0.85** 0.51** 0.86** 0.63** 0.81** 0.06 0.83** 0.66** 0.41** 1 **. 在 0.01 级别(双尾),相关性显著;*. 在 0.05 级别(双尾),相关性显著。 表 9 研究区表层沉积物重金属元素主成分特征值和贡献值
Table 9. Eigenvalues and contribution rates of main components of heavy metal elements in surface sediments of the study area
主成分因子 特征值 初始特征值方差贡献率/% 累计方差贡献率/% 1 5.14 64.29 64.29 2 1.04 12.95 77.24 3 0.70 8.69 85.93 4 0.64 7.93 93.86 5 0.30 3.74 97.61 6 0.12 1.52 99.12 7 0.05 0.65 99.78 8 0.02 0.23 100.00 表 10 表层沉积物重金属元素主成分旋转载荷矩阵
Table 10. Rotation load matrix of principal components of heavy metal elements in the surface sediments
重金属 PC1 PC2 Cr 0.90 −0.18 Cu 0.95 −0.03 Pb 0.63 0.16 Zn 0.96 −0.07 Cd 0.72 0.11 Hg 0.80 0.11 As 0.06 0.97 Ni 0.96 −0.08 -
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