An overview on the environmental impact and protection measures of deep-sea polymetallic sulphide mining
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摘要:
深海矿产资源开发及其环境保护问题近年来重新成为一个研究热点。深海环境极其复杂，人类对深海生物及其生态系统的了解仍十分有限，而深海采矿不可避免会对海洋生态环境造成影响，如不加强对采矿环境影响的研究并制定相关的保护措施，未来的深海采矿对海洋环境的破坏将无法估量。本文从深海采矿发展由来、多金属硫化物矿区环境、深海采矿技术发展、采矿环境影响和保护措施等几方面全链条系统地梳理了前人的研究成果，提出了深海采矿环境影响评价的发展方向，从而为今后开展深海采矿环境监测与保护提供参考。
Abstract:The exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources and its environmental protection have become a research hotspot in recent years. The deep-sea environment is extremely complex and human’s understanding of deep-sea organisms and their ecosystems are still very limited, while deep-sea mining will inevitably cause damage to the marine ecological environment. If the research on the impact of mining on the environment is not strengthened and relevant protection measures are formulated, the damage to the marine environment from deep-sea mining would be immeasurable in the future. Therefore, previous research results on the origin of deep-sea mining, the environment of polymetallic sulfide mining areas, the development of deep-sea mining technology, the impact of mining environment, and protection measures were studied systematically, and puts forward the development direction of deep-sea mining environmental impact assessment, so as to provide a reference for the monitoring and protection of deep-sea mining environment in the future.
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表 1 各国或组织进行的深海采矿环境影响或海底扰动实验的基本数据
Table 1. Basic data on deep-sea mining environmental impact and seabed disturbance experiments conducted by countries or organizations in the world
时间/年 名称 国家
/组织海底区域 持续
时间面积
/距离1978 深海采矿环境研究 （DOMES） 美国 克拉里昂-克里帕顿断裂带 7 200 min ～ 1989 扰动和再迁入实验 （DISCOL） 德国 秘鲁盆地 12 d 10.8 km2 1993 美国国家海洋与大气管理局底层影响实验（NOAA-BIE） 美国 克拉里昂-克里帕顿断裂带 5 290 min 141 km 1995 日本深海影响实验（JET） 日本 克拉里昂-克里帕顿断裂带 1 227 min 33 km 1997 印度深海环境实验（INDEX） 印度 中印度洋盆地 2 534 min 88 km 1995 “海金联”底层影响实验（IOM-BIE） 国际海洋金属联合组织 克拉里昂-克里帕顿断裂带 1 130 min 35 km 
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