Study on kinetic characteristics of the collision and emplacement of grains aggregation
-
摘要:
青藏高原高山峡谷区常发育崩滑碎屑流，这种灾害具有发育边坡高陡、碎屑流高能且坡脚撞击剧烈等特点。为了解这种碎屑流的运动规律及其堆积特征，设计并建立了自由下落的碎屑集合体撞击与停积过程的模型实验装置。考虑撞击过程对碎屑流运动和堆积的影响，获取不同粒径大小、体积、下落高度条件下，碎屑集合体的运动与堆积图像和定量化数据，并据此观察分析碎屑流的运动规律和堆积特征。主要结论如下：（1）碎屑集合体底部首先撞击地面，随后颗粒挤压形成剪切面，颗粒在剪切面上进行扩散运动并最终堆积。（2）撞击阶段，颗粒之间显著的动量传递作用致使碎屑集合体前缘颗粒运动速度较快、距离更远，并产生离散堆积现象。（3）自堆积重心至边缘，碎屑集合体的堆积厚度逐渐减小；堆积形态在运动初期呈近圆形，最终形态呈近菱形；运动中的力学过程导致出现横向脊和X型共轭脊现象。（4）碎屑集合体的粒径越小，体积越大，其主体运动距离、主体覆盖面积越大以及运动速度越快；体积与最大堆积厚度呈正相关关系；下落高度越小，其最大堆积厚度越大，运动速度越慢，与主体覆盖面积大体上呈负相关关系。（5）体积条件对碎屑集合体的堆积特征影响最大，粒径大小其次，下落高度影响最小。该研究可为川藏铁路沿线的工程结构设计及碎屑流的防治工作提供理论基础。
Abstract:Debris avalanches are frequently occurred in the mountainous region along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway in the Tibetan Plateau. These disasters are characterized by high and steep slope, huge energy and intense impact at the slope toe. In order to study the propagation behaviours and dynamic mechanisms of the debris avalanche, a series of laboratory experiments that grains aggregation freefall and impact on the horizontal plane then settle on it was conducted. In laboratory experiments, we consider the influences of the collision on the propagation and deposition features of debris avalanches. Images and quantitative data of the propagation and deposit features of the grains aggregation under the conditions of different particle sizes, volumes and falling height are obtained. The results show that (1) the bottom of the grains aggregation first hits the ground, then the particles are squeezed to form a shear surface. The particles move along the shear surface, spread and eventually deposit; (2) During the collision phase, the significant momentum transfer between the particles cause the particles at the front edge of the grains mass to move faster and farther, resulting in dispersive deposit; (3) From the center of the mass to the frontal edge of the deposit, the thickness gradually decreases; the shape is nearly circular at the beginning of the movement, and the final form is nearly diamond. The mechanical process leads to the occurrence of stress ridges; (4) The smaller the particle size of the grains aggregation is and the larger the volume is, the larger the maximum deposit thickness, the farther the travel distance of the main body, and the larger the main body cover area, the faster the spreading speed; the smaller the falling height is, the larger the maximum deposit thickness, the slower the spreading speed, which leading to a decreasing trend of the main body cover area; (5) Volume have the greatest influences on the deposit features of debris avalanches, followed by particle size, and the falling height has the least influence.
-
-
表 1 试验方案
Table 1. Test plans
实验工况 集合体粒径
大小/mm集合体
体积/cm3下落高度
/ m实验工况 集合体粒径
大小/mm集合体
体积/cm3下落高度
/m实验工况 集合体粒径
大小/mm集合体
体积/cm3下落高度
/mF1/H4 0.1～0.25 64 0.9 G1 0.1～0.25 8 0.9 H1 0.1～0.25 64 0.6 F2 0.25～0.5 64 0.9 G2 0.1～0.25 27 0.9 H2 0.1～0.25 64 0.7 F3 0.5～1 64 0.9 G3/H4 0.1～0.25 64 0.9 H3 0.1～0.25 64 0.8 F4 1～2 64 0.9 G4 0.1～0.25 125 0.9 H5 0.1～0.25 64 1.0 F5 2～5 64 0.9 G5 0.1～0.25 216 0.9 H6 0.1～0.25 64 1.1 G6 0.1～0.25 512 0.9 H7 0.1～0.25 64 1.2 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 标准差和极差表
Table 2. Standard deviation and range of test
控制条件 粒径大小 体积 下落高度
标
准
差
值最大堆积
厚度/mm3.32 9.00 0.35 主体运动
距离/cm5.29 8.62 0.83 主体覆盖
面积/cm2227.37 591.23 27.32
极差
值最大堆积
厚度/mm8.82 23.33 0.80 主体运动
距离/cm13.34 21.09 2.16 主体覆盖
面积/cm2580.20 1510.95 70.69
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 黄润秋. 中国西部地区典型岩质滑坡机理研究[J]. 地球科学进展,2004,19(3):443 − 450. [HUANG Runqiu. Mechanism of large scale landslides in Western China[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(3):443 − 450. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2] 薛翊国, 孔凡猛, 杨为民, 等. 川藏铁路沿线主要不良地质条件与工程地质问题[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2020,39(3):445 − 468. [XUE Yiguo, KONG Fanmeng, YANG Weimin, et al. Main unfavorable geological conditions and engineering geological problems along Sichuan—Tibet railway[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Menchanics and Engineering,2020,39(3):445 − 468. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] 解明礼, 巨能攀, 刘蕴琨, 等. 崩塌滑坡地质灾害风险排序方法研究[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2021,48(5):184 − 192. [XIE Mingli, JU Nengpan, LIU Yunkun, et al. A study of the risk ranking method of landslides and collapses[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2021,48(5):184 − 192. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] EVANS S G, GUTHRIE R H, ROBERTS N J, et al. The disastrous 17 February 2006 rockslide-debris avalanche on Leyte Island, Philippines: a catastrophic landslide in tropical mountain terrain[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2007,7(1):89 − 101.
[5] 李祥龙, 唐辉明, 熊承仁, 等. 岩石碎屑流运移堆积过程数值模拟[J]. 工程地质学报,2011,19(2):168 − 175. [LI Xianglong, TANG Huiming, XIONG Chengren, et al. Numerical simulation of flow and depositoin process of rock avalanche[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(2):168 − 175. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6] MANZELLA I, LABIOUSE V. Empirical and analytical analyses of laboratory granular flows to investigate rock avalanche propagation[J]. Landslides,2013,10(1):23 − 36.
[7] DAVIES T R, MCSAVENEY M J. Runout of dry granular avalanches[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1999,36(2):313 − 320.
[8] 程谦恭, 张倬元, 黄润秋. 高速远程崩滑动力学的研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 山地学报,2007,25(1):72 − 84. [CHENG Qiangong, ZHANG Zhuoyuan, HUANG Runqiu. Study on dynamics of rock avalanches: state of the art report[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):72 − 84. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] 刘玲霞, 李向全, 周志超, 等. 强震条件下谢家店滑坡碎屑流发生机制试验研究[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2011,38(3):104 − 109. [LIU Lingxia, LI Xiangquan, ZHOU Zhichao, et al. An experimental study of the initiation mechanism of landslide debris flow under a strong earthquake[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2011,38(3):104 − 109. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10] 刘传正. 论崩塌滑坡—碎屑流高速远程问题[J]. 地质论评,2017,63(6):1563 − 1575. [LIU Chuanzheng. Research on high speed and long-distance of the avalanches or landslide—debris streams[J]. Geological Review,2017,63(6):1563 − 1575. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11] 殷跃平. 西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2000,27(4):8 − 11. [YIN Yueping. Study on characteristics and disaster reduction of giant high-speed landslide in Bomi Yigong of Tibet[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2000,27(4):8 − 11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12] 吕杰堂, 王治华, 周成虎. 西藏易贡大滑坡成因探讨[J]. 地球科学,2003,28(1):107 − 110. [LV Jietang, WANG Zhihua, ZHOU Chenghu. Discussion on the occurrence of Yigong landslide in Tibet[J]. Earth Science,2003,28(1):107 − 110. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13] XU Q, SHANG Y J, VAN ASCH T, et al. Observations from the large, rapid Yigong rock slide-debris avalanche, southeast Tibet[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2012,49(5):589 − 606.
[14] 许强, 董秀军, 邓茂林, 等. 2010年7·27四川汉源二蛮山滑坡-碎屑流特征与成因机理研究[J]. 工程地质学报,2010,18(5):609 − 622. [XU Qiang, DONG Xiujun, DENG Maolin, et al. The ermanshan rock slide-debris flow of junly 27, 2010 in Hanyuan, Sichuan: characteristics and failure mechanism[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(5):609 − 622. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15] 郑光, 许强, 巨袁臻, 等. 2017年8月28日贵州纳雍县张家湾镇普洒村崩塌特征与成因机理研究[J]. 工程地质学报,2018,26(1):223 − 240. [ZHENG Guang, XU Qiang, JU Yuanzhen, et al. The pusacun rockavalanche on August 28, 2017 in zhangjiawan nayongxian, Guizhou: characteristics and failure mechanism[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2018,26(1):223 − 240. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16] 彭双麒, 许强, 郑光, 等. 碎屑流堆积物粒度分布与运动特性的关系—以贵州纳雍普洒村崩塌为例[J]. 水文地质工程地质,2018,45(4):129 − 136. [PENG Shuangqi, XU Qiang, ZHENG Guang, et al. Relationship between particle size distribution and movement characteristics of rock avalanche deposits: A case study of the Pusa village rock avalanche in Nayong of Guizhou[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology,2018,45(4):129 − 136. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] MANZELLA I, LABIOUSE V. Qualitative analysis of rock avalanches propagation by means of physical modelling of non-constrained gravel flows[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2008,41(1):133 − 151.
[18] 郝明辉, 许强, 杨磊, 等. 滑坡-碎屑流物理模型试验及运动机制探讨[J]. 岩土力学,2014,35(增刊1):127 − 132. [HAO Minghui, XU Qiang, YANG Lei, et al. Physical modeling and movement mechanism of landslide-debris avalanches[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(Sup1):127 − 132. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] 王忠福, 何思明, 刘汉东, 等. 不同岩崩碎屑颗粒尺寸运移堆积特性试验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(增刊2):3652 − 3657. [WANG Zhongfu, HE Siming, LIU Handong, et al. Experimental study on accumulation characteristic of different rock avalanche debris particles size[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(Sup2):3652 − 3657. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] 王玉峰, 许强, 程谦恭, 等. 复杂三维地形条件下滑坡–碎屑流运动与堆积特征物理模拟实验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(9):1776 − 1791. [WANG Yufeng, XU Qiang, CHENG Qiangong, et al. Experimental study on the propagation and deposit features of rock avalanche along 3D complex topography[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(9):1776 − 1791. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] DE BLASIO F V, DATTOLA G, CROSTA G B. Extremely energetic rockfalls[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2018,123(10):2392 − 2421.
[22] THIELICKE W, STAMHUIS E J. PIVlab – towards user-friendly, affordable and accurate digital particle image velocimetry in MATLAB[J]. Journal of Open Research Software,2014,2:30.
[23] LIN Q W, CHENG Q G, LI K, et al. Contributions of rock mass structure to the emplacement of fragmenting rockfalls and rockslides: insights from laboratory experiments[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,2020,125(4):e2019JB019296.
[24] 孙水发, 董方敏. ImageJ图像处理与实践[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2013: 93-108.
SUN Shuifa, DONG Fangmin. Image processing and practice of ImageJ [M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2013: 93-108. (in Chinese)
[25] HSÜ K J. Catastrophic debris streams (sturzstroms) generated by rockfalls[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86(1):129 − 140.
[26] MANZELLA I, LABIOUSE V. Flow experiments with gravel and blocks at small scale to investigate parameters and mechanisms involved in rock avalanches[J]. Engineering Geology,2009,109(1/2):146 − 158.
[27] WANG Y F, CHENG Q G, LIN Q W, et al. Insights into the kinematics and dynamics of the Luanshibao rock avalanche (Tibetan Plateau, China) based on its complex surface landforms[J]. Geomorphology,2018,317:170 − 183.
[28] UTILI S, ZHAO T, HOULSBY G T. 3D DEM investigation of granular column collapse: Evaluation of debris motion and its destructive power[J]. Engineering Geology,2015,186:3 − 16.
[29] HIBERT C, MALET J P, BOURRIER F, et al. Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis[J]. Earth Surface Dynamics,2017,5(2):283 − 292.
[30] LE ROY G, HELMSTETTER A, AMITRANO D, et al. Seismic analysis of the detachment and impact phases of a rockfall and application for estimating rockfall volume and free-fall height[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2019,124(11):2602 − 2622.
[31] SALÓ L, COROMINAS J, LANTADA N, et al. Seismic energy analysis as generated by impact and fragmentation of single-block experimental rockfalls[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface,2018,123(6):1450 − 1478.
[32] HEIM A. Landslides and human lives[M]. 7st Vancouver: Bergsturz and Menschenleben Press, 1932.
[33] MANZELLA I, LABIOUSE V. Flow experiments with gravel and blocks at small scale to investigate parameters and mechanisms involved in rock avalanches[J]. Engineering Geology,2009,109:146 − 158.
[34] 陈陆望, 白世伟. 脆性岩体岩爆倾向性的相似材料配比试验研究[J]. 岩土力学,2006,27(增刊2):1050 − 1054. [CHEN Luwang, BAI Shiwei. Proportioning test study on similar material of rockburst tendency of brittle rockmass[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(Sup2):1050 − 1054. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35] 周辉, 陈珺, 张传庆, 等. 低强高脆岩爆模型材料配比试验研究[J]. 岩土力学,2019,40(6):2039 − 2049. [ZHOU Hui, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Chuanqing, et al. Experimental study of the rockburst model material with low-strength and high-brittleness[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2019,40(6):2039 − 2049. (in Chinese with English abstract)
-
图(16)
表(2)
计量
- 文章访问数: 708
- PDF下载数: 26
- 施引文献: 0