西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制

张光辉, 聂振龙, 崔浩浩, 王茜, 严明疆, 田言亮, 王金哲. 西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2022, 49(5): 1-11. doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202203024
引用本文: 张光辉, 聂振龙, 崔浩浩, 王茜, 严明疆, 田言亮, 王金哲. 西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制[J]. 水文地质工程地质, 2022, 49(5): 1-11. doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202203024
ZHANG Guanghui, NIE Zhenlong, CUI Haohao, WANG Qian, YAN Mingjiang, TIAN Yanliang, WANG Jinzhe. Main causes and mechanism for the natural oasis degeneration in the lower reaches of northwest inland basins[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2022, 49(5): 1-11. doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202203024
Citation: ZHANG Guanghui, NIE Zhenlong, CUI Haohao, WANG Qian, YAN Mingjiang, TIAN Yanliang, WANG Jinzhe. Main causes and mechanism for the natural oasis degeneration in the lower reaches of northwest inland basins[J]. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 2022, 49(5): 1-11. doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202203024

西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制

  • 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0406100);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20221773-04)
详细信息
    作者简介: 张光辉(1959-),男,研究员,博士生导师,国家重点研发计划项目主持人,从事水循环与水土资源合理开发保护研究。E-mail:Huanjing59@163.com
  • 中图分类号: P641.73

Main causes and mechanism for the natural oasis degeneration in the lower reaches of northwest inland basins

  • 西北内陆流域平原区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,近50 a来各流域下游区天然绿洲面积不断萎缩。以石羊河流域、艾丁湖流域为研究区,针对下游区天然绿洲退变主因与机制问题,基于农田面积、出山地表径流量及灌溉引用水量、地下水开采量和流入下游区地表径流量调查统计、潜水埋深及包气带水理指标原位监测和地下水水位统测,以及植被类型、分布范围、覆盖度和NDVI指数等遥感解译获得的资料,应用流域水循环和水量均衡理论、时间序列分析和地学多元相关分析方法开展研究,得出如下认识:(1)近50 a来,西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲严重退化的根源是天然水资源匮乏,主因是人口数量不断增加和上、中游区拦用出山地表径流水量大。(2)灌溉耕地不断扩大是下游区天然绿洲面积萎缩的主要驱动因素,每增加1.0 km2灌溉耕地导致石羊河流域下游、艾丁湖流域平原区的天然绿洲面积分别减少1.35~2.07 km2和1.57~3.83 km2;气候越干旱、上游出山年径流水量越少,灌溉引用出山径流水量占当年总径流量的比率越大,流入下游区地表径流水量越少,由此造成下游区天然绿洲面积减少越大。(3)西北内陆流域天然绿洲退化可控,但是由于水资源不足,制约了天然绿洲退化的可控性。在水资源匮乏背景下,现状人口数量驱动的农田用水规模难以继续调减,需要有序促进经济社会用水规模与天然绿洲修复供水规模之间的和谐程度。因此,本研究成果为西北内陆流域水资源合理开发利用和天然绿洲退化修复提供了重要科学依据。

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  • 图 1  干旱区下游天然植被覆盖度、NDVI值及地下水维系植被生态能力(A地生)与潜水位埋深之间关系

    Figure 1. 

    图 2  1970年以来石羊河流域平原区耕地面积和天然绿洲面积年际变化特征

    Figure 2. 

    图 3  石羊河流域下游天然绿洲萎缩与中游区农灌面积、水量和地下水开采量之间相关关系

    Figure 3. 

    图 4  石羊河流域上游大规模拦蓄出山地表径流对中、下游区地表径流来水量影响状况

    Figure 4. 

    图 5  1960年和2019年石羊河流域下游区地下水水位埋深分布特征

    Figure 5. 

    图 6  近40 a来艾丁湖流域天然绿洲与人工绿洲面积比值(Anf)变化过程

    Figure 6. 

    图 7  艾丁湖流域自然湿地水域面积与地下水开采量演变特征

    Figure 7. 

    图 8  西北内陆流域下游区天然绿洲退变形成与演变机制

    Figure 8. 

    图 9  西北内陆典型流域平原区天然绿洲面积与耕地面积之间相关性特征

    Figure 9. 

    表 1  研究区自然环境与耕地和水资源开发利用概况

    Table 1.  Overview of natural environment and utilization of cultivated land and water resources in the study area

    研究区时段研究区
    面积
    /104 km2
    年均
    降水量
    /mm
    人口
    数量
    /万人
    耕地
    面积
    /km2
    下游湿
    地水域
    面积/km2
    天然水资源量/(108 m3·a−1)用水量/(108 m3·a−1)农业用水量
    总量地下水总量开采量占总用水
    量比率/%
    单位面积灌溉量
    /(104 m3·km−2)
    艾丁湖
    流域
    1960以前5.30<3028433.5>10011.15.49.890.5866.7129.9
    2010之后671280.6<2014.799.6992.3102.0~118.2
    石羊河
    流域
    1960以前4.16220921334.0>5016.66.98.121.8548.960.9
    2010之后2305081.5<2027.9213.8387.264.5~77.4
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  遥感解译研究区地表生态基本分类特征

    Table 2.  Basic characteristics of ecological remote sensing interpretation content classification in the study area

    生态区类型属性基本特征
    一级二级三级
    自然
    绿洲
    天然
    林地
    有林地郁闭度大于30%的天然林,
    成片或沿河带状分布
    灌木林地郁闭度大于40%、高度2 m以下的
    矮林地及灌丛林地
    疏林地郁闭度10%~30%的稀疏林地
    其它林地未成林地
    天然
    草地
    高覆盖度草地覆盖度大于50%的草地,
    多分布于河流或湖泊周围
    中覆盖度草地覆盖度20%~50%的草地,
    多分布于河流或湖泊周围
    低覆盖度草地覆盖度4%~20%的草地
    水域
    湿地
    河道带天然河流,人类活动影响较少
    湖泊、沼泽天然湖泊,季节性积水或常年积水,
    生长湿生植被的土地
    人工
    绿洲
    耕地水田常年灌溉,种植水稻等水生农作物的土地
    水浇地有水源和灌溉设施,能正常灌溉的土地
    旱地无灌溉水源和设施的农田
    建设
    用地
    城镇、农村居民点、工矿和人工公园等
    景观用地
    未利用地无人类活动、植被覆盖率小于4%的
    土地,包括戈壁荒漠、沙漠等
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  西北内陆干旱区地下水生态功能退变程度的识别指标体系

    Table 3.  Identification index of degradation degree of groundwater ecological function in the northwest China inland area

    识别指标地下水生态功能不同状态下天然绿洲生态效应
    正常渐变质变灾变
    地下水水位埋深/m2~55~77~10≥10
    陆表生态状况良好轻度恶化中度恶化重度恶化
    陆表生态
    退变指标
    NDVI指数≥0.250.13~0.250.08~0.13<0.08
    物种数量/种≥53~52~3<2
    植被覆盖度/%≥5035~5010~35<10
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  不同干旱程度下西北内陆典型流域平原区天然绿洲随灌溉耕地面积增减的变化幅度

    Table 4.  Variation range of the natural oases in the plain areas of the typical inland basins in northwest China with the increase or decrease of the irrigated farmland under different drought degrees

    研究区年降水量
    /mm
    不同水文年下增减单位面积耕地引发的天然绿洲减增幅度/km2灌溉水量
    /(104 m3·km−2
    丰水年多年平均枯水年
    艾丁湖流域<301.572.833.83102.0 ~118.2
    石羊河流域2201.351.542.0764.5~77.4
    注:表中数据是基于图9等相关分析得到。
    下载: 导出CSV
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收稿日期:  2022-03-15
修回日期:  2022-04-23
刊出日期:  2022-09-15

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