Study on bearing characteristics of rigid rectangular foundation subjected to horizontal force and torque (H-T)
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摘要:
现行杆件基础设计仅考虑水平力(H)而忽略扭矩(T)的作用,这很可能导致杆件基础发生推扭破坏。为分析推扭(H-T)荷载下刚性矩形基础的承载特性,首先根据杆件基础的受力特点,建立了相应的简化计算模型,推导了T、H-偏心弯矩(M) 2种承载模式下基础受力与变形分析的理论解答;其次通过数值模拟分析,获得了H-T荷载下矩形刚性基础的破坏包络线;在此基础上,通过室内模型试验验证了理论计算方法的合理性,并探讨了扭推比、地基抗力比例系数m值对基础受力与变形的影响。研究发现:H-T荷载下刚性矩形基础的破坏包络线近似呈抛物线分布;随扭推比增大,矩形基础的地基承载力随之减小,其破坏模式也由水平变形破坏转为扭转变形破坏;增大m值,可有效减小基础地面处水平位移及旋转角度。为确保刚性矩形基础的安全稳定,其上覆回填土体性质和压实度均应满足设计要求。上述结论可为多杆合一杆件基础的设计提供参考。
Abstract:The current design of member foundation only considers horizontal forces (H) and ignores the effect of torque (T), which may lead to torsional failure of the foundation. To analyze the bearing characteristics of rigid rectangular foundation subjected to horizontal force and torque (H-T), according to the stress characteristics of the foundation, the corresponding simplified calculation model is established, and the theoretical solutions of the stress and deformation analysis of the foundation under the two bearing modes of torque (T), horizontal force (H) - eccentric bending moment (M) are derived; numerical simulation analysis is carried out to obtain the failure envelope of rigid rectangular foundations under push torsion H-T load. And then the rationality of the theoretical calculation method is verified by the indoor model test. Finally, the influences of torsion ratio and foundation resistance ratio coefficient m on the stress and deformation of foundation are analyzed. The results show that the failure envelope of rigid rectangular foundation under push torsion H-T load is approximately parabolic. With the increase of torsion-thrust ratio, the horizontal bearing capacity of the foundation decreases, and its failure mode changes from horizontal deformation failure to torsional deformation failure. The increase of the proportional coefficient m can reduce the horizontal displacement and rotation angle at the foundation ground effectively. To ensure the safety and stability of the rigid rectangular foundation, the nature and compaction of the overlying backfill should satisfy the design requirements. This study can provide basic information for the design of multi-rod unified rod foundations.
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Key words:
- rigid foundation /
- horizontal load /
- torque /
- failure envelope /
- bearing characteristics
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随着城市现代化发展,交通标识牌杆、照明灯杆、电子监控杆等传统杆件设施林立道路两旁,造成城市各种杆体重复建设,影响城市空间布局,亟需通过“多杆合一”技术将其进行整合,从而美化道路环境,节省城市地上空间[1]。另外,为进一步节约城市地下空间,多杆合一杆件多采用不带扩底的等截面矩形基础,因其刚度较大,不妨将其称为“刚性矩形基础”。与单一杆件相比,多杆合一杆件的上部设备和构件更多,杆件基础除承受竖向力(V)、水平力(H)和偏心弯矩(M)外,还要承受扭矩(T)的作用,使得其受力与变形特性更为复杂。为设计出更为经济合理的多杆合一杆件基础,研究推扭(H-T)荷载作用下刚性矩形基础的承载特性具有重要的理论研究意义。
关于复合荷载作用下基础的承载特性,已有学者开展了一些有益的研究工作。理论方面:邹新军等[2]、饶文昌等[3]、王飞等[4]建立了组合荷载作用下基桩水平承载简化计算模型,获得了基桩受力与变形计算的半解析解答;覃玉兰等[5]、邹新军等[6]推导了V-T和H-T下基桩的极限承载力。试验方面:武科等[7]开展了扭剪荷载作用下桶形基础室内模型试验,分析了桶形基础与土的相互作用机理;邹新军等[8 − 9],郭沛翰等[10]通过砂土单桩承载特性模型试验发现H-T下桩身极限承载力较单一水平受荷桩或受扭桩小;Hu等[11]开展了H-T下单桩离心机试验,结果表明T会导致桩身水平承载力降低30%~50%。数值模拟方面:王思等[12]建模分析了桩径比、桩端土强度等对大直径超长桩承载性状的影响;武科等[13]通过数值模拟得到了H-T下桶形基础的破坏包络线,分析了桶形基础稳定性;范庆来等[14]基于Tresca屈服准则,进行了海上风机桶形基础三维有限元分析,得到了V-H-T荷载空间内的破坏包络面。上述结果均表明扭矩对基础的受力与变形有显著影响,且会大幅降低基础的承载力。但这些研究主要针对桩基础和桶型基础[15 − 17]。对于刚性矩形基础,目前主要从水平受荷的角度来分析其承载特性[18 − 21],如:穆保岗等[22]基于模型试验结果,建立了修正的理想塑性土体水平抗力(p)与桩身挠度(y)的关系曲线,为软土地区刚性矩形基础水平变形计算提供了理论模型。吴炯等[23]采用极限平衡法推导了铁塔矩形基础的倾覆验算公式,通过数值模拟验证了该公式的合理性。另外,现行《公路桥涵地基与基础设计规范》(JTG 3363—2019)[24]中有关刚性基础的计算,也未考虑扭矩的影响,由此设计的刚性基础与实际情况差异显著。综上所述,目前有关刚性矩形基础的研究仅考虑H和M的作用,并未考虑T的影响[25],这将可能导致基础发生扭转变形破坏,故针对刚性矩形基础开展H-T荷载作用下的承载特性研究非常必要。
鉴于此,本文拟在现有研究基础上,根据多杆合一杆件基础的承载特性,建立相应的简化受力模型及数值计算模型,导得T、H-M 2种承载模式下杆件基础的理论解答和破坏包络线,并采用模型试验验证其合理性,进而探讨扭推比T/H(扭矩和水平力的比值)和地基抗力比例系数m值对基础承载特性的影响。
1. 简化计算模型与基本假定
1.1 多杆合一杆件基础简化计算模型
通常情况下,多杆合一杆件上将集成交通指示牌、摄像头及信号箱等设备,故基础将会承受一定的V;另外,作用在标识板上的风荷载,将通过上部杆件传递给基础,使得基础还会承受H、M和T等作用。简化后的多杆合一杆件基础受力模型如图1所示。
1.2 基本假定
为便于分析,在图1所示的简化受力模型基础上,做出如下假定[26]:
(1)不考虑基础与土之间的黏着力和摩阻力;
(2)将地基土视为弹性变形介质,其水平向地基系数随深度成正比,土体横向抗力与土体变形量成正比;
(3)基础受力后,基础只发生刚体转动,不做平行运动,其本身的弯曲变形略去不计。
2. 方程建立与解答
根据上述简化计算模型,以下将分别分析T、H-M作用下杆件基础的受力与变形,进而对其破坏包络线进行分析。
2.1 T作用下基础受力分析
当刚性矩形基础(长b1×宽a1×高c1)受T作用时,基础将绕中心轴发生平面旋转,假定其旋转角度为θ,基础受力与变形如图2所示。
因基础四周所受侧土压力呈中心对称分布,故可选取其中的x正半轴部分进行分析。
作用在基础上的侧向土抗力py、px分别为:
∫c1'0∫b1'20mzytanθdydz=py (1) ∫c1'0∫a1'20mzxtanθdxdz=px (2) 式中:z——计算点深度/m;
m——地基抗力比例系数/(kN·m−4);
a1' 、b1' 、c1' ——基础计算宽度及深度/m,a1' =1.5a1,b1' =1.5b1,c1' =1.5c1。根据静力平衡关系可得:
T=2a1'px3+2b1'py3 (3) T作用下基础旋转角度θ为:
θ=arctan24Tmc1'2(a1'3+b1'3) (4) 2.2 H-M作用下基础受力分析
在H及M作用下,刚性矩形基础将绕某点o(x0,z0)倾斜,假设其倾斜角度为
ω 。若矩形基础所受偏心荷载较小,基底与地基土体尚未脱开,基底土反力呈梯形分布,此为承载模式一,如图3所示。随着基础所受偏心荷载增大,基础倾斜角度ω 增大,由于基础与地基土体之间不能承受拉应力,部分基底与地基土体发生脱开,基底应力重分布,此时基底土反力由梯形分布转变为三角形分布,此即承载模式二,如图4所示。以下将根据这2个阶段对基础进行受力与变形分析。(1)模式一下基础受力与变形分析
在竖向荷载V及基础自重G下,基底竖向位移为:
Δh=(V+G)/(AC0) (5) 式中:V——上部杆件及设备重量/kN;
G——基础自重/kN;
A——基础底部面积/m2;
C0——基底地基抗力系数/(kN·m−3)。
C0 = mz (6) 在H和M作用下,地面以下深度z处基础产生的水平位移∆x2及侧向土抗力pz分别为:
Δx2=(b12−x0)cosω−(z−z0)sinω+x0−b12 (7) pz=Δx2Cz (8) Cz=mz (9) 式中:Cz——地面以下深度z处水平向地基抗力系数/(kN·m−3)。
当基础倾斜
ω 后,基底两侧的B、C点将分别位移至B’和C’点,假设B’和C’两点的坐标分别为(x2, z2)和(x3, z3)。根据几何关系可得:z2=(c1−z0)cosω+(b12−x0)sinω+z0 (10) z3=(c1−z0)cosω+(−b12−x0)sinω+z0 (11) 根据叠加原理,可得作用在基底的最大、最小土反力分别为:
p底max=(z2−c1+V+GAC0)C0 (12) p底min=(z3−c1+V+GAC0)C0 (13) 由式(13)可知,若p底min大于等于0,则说明基底与地基土尚未脱开,即模式一;若p底min小于0,则说明基底与地基土部分脱开,即模式二。
基底土反力合力P底偏离基础中轴线距离e为:
e=b12−b132p底min+p底maxp底min+p底max (14) 根据水平静力平衡条件∑H=0,可得:
H−∫c10pza1''dz=0 (15) 式中:
a1'' ——基础计算宽度/m,当a1<1 m时,a1'' =1.5a1+0.5;当a1≥1 m时,a1'' =a1+1。对基础顶面中心E点取矩,并根据力矩平衡条件∑ME=0,可得:
M+∫c10pza1''zdz−a1(p底min+p底max)b1e2=0 (16) 由竖向静力平衡条件∑V=0,得:
a1(p底min+p底max)b12−G−V=0 (17) 因基础倾斜角度ω较小,可采用二阶泰勒级数将式(15)—(17)展开为:
H−ma1''(−b1ω24+x0ω22+z0ω−x36z0)c212+ma1''(ω−ω36)c313=0 (18) M+ma1''(−b1ω24+x0ω22+z0ω−x36z0)c313−ma1''(ω−ω36)c414−a1(p底min+p底max)b1e2=0 (19) a1(p底min+p底max)b12−G−V=0 (20) (2)模式二下基础受力与变形分析
在承载模式二下,基础倾斜角度较大,基底与土体在D(x4, z4)点处发生脱开(基底未脱开部分宽度为b'),基底应力重分布,整体呈三角形分布,如图4所示。
DB’两点的直线表达式为:
z−z2=tanω(x−x2) (21) 将D点[x4, c1−(V+G)/(AC0)]代入到式(21)中,可得D点坐标为:
x4=c1−V+GAC0−z2tanω+x2,z4=c1−V+GAC0 (22) 由此得基底未脱开部分宽度b'为:
b'=b12−c1−V+GAC0−z2tanω−x2 (23) 同理建立如下平衡方程式:
根据水平静力平衡条件∑H=0,可得:
H−∫c10pxa1''dz=0 (24) 对基础顶面中心E点取矩,并根据力矩平衡条件∑ME=0,可得:
M+∫c10pxa1''zdz−b'2tanωC0a12(b12−b'3)=0 (25) 由竖向静力平衡条件∑V=0,得:
b'2tanωC0a12−G−V=0 (26) 同理,采用泰勒级数将其展开为:
H−ma1''(−b1ω24+x0ω22+z0ω−x36z0)c212+ma1''(ω−ω36)c313=0 (27) M+ma1''(−b1ω24+x0ω22+z0ω−x36z0)c313−ma1''(ω−ω36)c414−b'2(ω+ω33)C0a12(b12−b'3)=0 (28) b'2(ω+ω33)C0a12−G−V=0 (29) 综上所述,根据不同承载模式下刚性矩形基础的几何关系和静力平衡条件,对模式一可联立式(18)—(20)、对模式二可联立式(27)—(29)进行求解,即可得到相应承载模式下基础倾斜中心位置o(x0,z0)和倾斜角度
ω 。2.3 H-T作用下基础破坏包络线
在推扭加载模式下,通过破坏包络线可较好地判断基础是否由安全状态进入极限状态,也是确定基础极限承载力的一种方法[27]。对于H-T作用下刚性矩形基础的破坏标准,现有研究表明:在纯扭荷载作用下,当基础旋转角度达到1.15°时,可认为基础已达扭转破坏,对应的T即为扭转极限地基承载力Tult[12];在纯水平荷载作用下,当基础地面处水平位移达到10 mm时,可认为基础已达水平变形极限,对应的H即为水平极限地基承载力Hult[28];在H-T作用下,当基础旋转角度达到1.15°或地面处水平位移达到10 mm时,即可认为基础已达破坏。在此基础上,通过数值模拟分析,按不同T/H在基础顶面施加荷载直至达到上述破坏标准,并将基础破坏时对应的荷载分量归一化,从而得到基础破坏包络线。实际工程中,基础埋置深度c1和基底宽度b1对其承载力有较大影响,故保持b1不变,假定b1和长度a1相等,可以得到不同深宽(长)比c1/b1(c1/a1)下基础破坏包络线,如图5所示。
由图5可知,刚性矩形基础的推扭破坏包络线近似呈抛物线分布。为便于工程应用,可对其进行非线性拟合,得到相应的表达式:
f=α(TTult)2+β(TTult)+η−(HHult) (30) 式中:α、β、η——与深宽比c1/b1有关的拟合参数,其表 达式为:
{α=4.0−0.9c1/b1β=7.5 − 1.8c1/b1η=12.5−4.2c1/b1 (31) 实际工程中,可通过理论分析确定刚性矩形基础的地基水平极限承载力Hult和扭矩极限承载力Tult,再结合上述破坏包络线判断基础的安全状况。
3. 试验验证
3.1 试验概况
为检验上述理论解答的准确性,以海口市临空经济区某多杆合一杆件矩形基础为原型,在室内开展了H-T作用下刚性矩形基础模型试验。模型箱尺寸为2 m(长)×1.8 m(宽)×1.6 m(高);原型矩形基础尺寸为0.9 m(长)×0.9 m(宽)×1.5 m(高);模型矩形基础尺寸为0.3 m(长)×0.3 m(宽)×0.5 m(高),原型与模型基础的几何相似比为3∶1;模型基础由C30混凝土制作而成。上部杆件采用直径为108 mm、壁厚为4 mm的钢管,基础与杆件采用高强螺栓相连。试验土体取自长沙某实际工程,土粒级配曲线见图6,土体的物理力学性质指标见表1。
表 1. 试验土体物理力学性质指标Table 1. Physical and mechanical indexes of test soil参数 φ/(°) c/kPa w/% ρdmax/(g·cm−3) Es/MPa Ip 取值 24.39 26 19.72 1.75 6.93 27.2 注:φ为内摩擦角;c为黏聚力;w为含水率,ρdmax为最大干密度;Es为压缩模量;Ip为土体塑性指数。 3.2 试验布置
试验加载装置由钢绞线、砝码以及定滑轮等组成。采用位移计测试基础地面处水平位移;采用土压力盒测试基础前后两侧及底部土反力;利用角度传感器测试基础顶面的倾斜角度及旋转角度;通过模型刚桩测试地基抗力比例系数m值;模型试验布置如图7所示。
3.3 加载方案
在现有研究基础上,结合《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》(JTG/T 3360-01—2018)等[25, 29],计算得到最不利状态下基础顶部所受荷载为:V=0.98 kN,H=0.71 kN,M=1.64 kN·m,T=0.71 kN。
多杆合一杆件属于高耸结构,其上部结构在风荷载作用下产生的弯矩与水平荷载的比值较大,所需模型杆件过长。为便于试验加载,减小模型杆件高度,可根据等效原则在基础两端同时施加水平荷载H1和H2而获得相应条件下的H、M以及T。具体的试验加载方案如表2所示。
表 2. 试验加载方案Table 2. Test loading scheme荷载等级 H1/kN H2/kN H/kN T/(kN·m) 1 0.20 0.13 0.07 0.068 2 0.40 0.26 0.14 0.136 3 0.60 0.39 0.21 0.204 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ n 0.20n 0.13n 0.07n 0.068n M=H1×1−H2×0.3 (32) H=H1−H2 (33) T=H1×0.34 (34) 3.4 理论与试验结果对比分析
通过刚性桩水平静载试验可以测得地基抗力比例系数m值与地面处水平位移之间的关系曲线,如图8所示。
由图8可知,当刚性桩地面处水平位移为10 mm时,m值约为70 MN/m4。通过图8可以获得与地面处水平位移相对应的m值,从而开展刚性基础的设计计算。在此基础上,根据式(4)可以计算得到基础旋转角度,再联立式(12)、式(13)、式(18)—(20)或式(27)—(29)可以计算得到基础地面处水平位移、基础顶面倾斜角度、侧土压力和基底土反力等,其与模型试验结果的对比如图9所示。
由图9(a)(b)(c)可知,随着推扭荷载增大,基础地面处水平位移、基础旋转角度及倾斜角度均随之增大,当H=1.40 kN、T=1.2 kN·m时,基础地面处水平位移为10.97 mm、基础旋转角度为0.30°、倾斜角度为1.61°,基础已达破坏;由图9(d)可知,基础侧土压力与基础倾斜角度成正比,呈中间小两端大分布;从图9(e)可以发现,当H=0.28 kN、T=0.24 kN·m时,基底与土体脱开,随着H-T增大,基底土压力重新分布,后侧基底的土压力增幅较大;由图9(f)可得,当H=1.40 kN、T=1.2 kN·m时,基础荷载水平已超过破坏包络线,说明其已达到破坏。总的来说,基础受力、变形计算结果均与试验结果吻合较好,可以验证前述理论计算方法的合理性。
4. 影响因素分析
以模型试验中的杆件基础为例,进一步探讨扭推比T/H1和地基抗力比例系数m值对刚性矩形基础受力与变形的影响。
4.1 扭推比的影响
当T/H1=0.34,0.64,0.94 m时,基础受力与变形情况如图10所示。
由图10(a)可得,相同水平荷载分量H下,基础旋转角度随扭推比增加而增大;从图10(b)可以发现,当T/H1由0.34 m增大到0.64 m和0.94 m时,基础破坏时对应的水平荷载分量H分别降低0.11 kN及0.31 kN,此时基础破坏模式由水平变形破坏逐渐转变为扭转破坏。因此,在设计刚性矩形基础时,应综合考虑H-T对基础地基承载能力的削弱效应,避免基础在H-T作用下发生扭转破坏。
4.2 m值的影响
现有研究表明[20, 22],m值主要取决于土体性质及其密实度。由图8可知,试验过程中,随着基础地面处水平位移增大,m值逐渐减小,故参照《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94—2008)[26]取基础地面处水平位移为10 mm时对应的m值进行计算是偏安全的。为分析土性对基础承载特性的影响,分别取m=20,70,120 MN/m4时,计算得到的基础变形结果如图11所示。
由图11可知,在相同荷载水平下,随m值增大,基础在地面处的水平位移和旋转角度均减小。当H=1.40 kN,且m值由20 MN/m4增大到70 MN/m4和120 MN/m4时,对应的基础地面处水平位移分别减小71.42%和83.34%,而基础旋转角度分别减小67.62%和83.33%。因此,对于刚性矩形基础,其上覆回填土体性质及压实度均应满足设计要求,以避免因基础周围土体刚度不够而破坏。
5. 结论
根据多杆合一杆件的结构特点及承载特性,建立了刚性基础简化计算模型,推导了T、H-M 2种荷载模式下基础受力与变形的理论解答,获得了H-T下刚性矩形基础的破坏包络线,通过模型试验验证了理论解答的合理性,进而探讨扭推比T/H1、地基抗力比例系数m值对刚性矩形基础受力与变形的影响,得到如下主要结论:
(1)由理论解答得到的基础地面处水平位移、旋转角度、倾斜角度、侧土压力及基底土反力计算值与模型试验值吻合良好,验证了理论解答的合理性。
(2)在H-T作用下,基础破坏包络线整体呈抛物线分布;与单一水平荷载或扭转荷载作用相比,H-T作用将显著降低刚性矩形基础的承载能力,H-T对基础承载能力的削弱效应不容忽视。
(3)在相同的荷载水平下,基础旋转角度随扭推比增加而增大;而地面处水平位移和旋转角度则随m值增加而减小;为确保刚性矩形基础的安全稳定,其上覆回填土体性质和压实度均应满足设计要求。
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表 1 试验土体物理力学性质指标
Table 1. Physical and mechanical indexes of test soil
参数 φ/(°) c/kPa w/% ρdmax/(g·cm−3) Es/MPa Ip 取值 24.39 26 19.72 1.75 6.93 27.2 注:φ为内摩擦角;c为黏聚力;w为含水率,ρdmax为最大干密度;Es为压缩模量;Ip为土体塑性指数。 表 2 试验加载方案
Table 2. Test loading scheme
荷载等级 H1/kN H2/kN H/kN T/(kN·m) 1 0.20 0.13 0.07 0.068 2 0.40 0.26 0.14 0.136 3 0.60 0.39 0.21 0.204 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ n 0.20n 0.13n 0.07n 0.068n -
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