Characteristics of losses of geological disasters and major disaster types in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province
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摘要:
凉山州受活动构造、地形地貌、河流切割等作用,是四川省地质灾害高风险地区。为系统查明凉山州地质灾害发育特征、灾情特征及主要致灾类型,采用资料收集、数理统计、现场调查等方法,统计分析地质灾害数据、灾情数据和重大突发地质灾害实例。结果表明:凉山州地质灾害以滑坡、泥石流为主,滑坡主要为中小规模土质滑坡,泥石流主要为中小规模沟道型泥石流;有记录以来共计发生24起死亡10人以上的地质灾害;2006—2020年,共发生46起地质灾害灾情,以泥石流为主。总结提炼了7种地质灾害主要致灾类型,红层滑坡是凉山州滑坡主要类型之一,遇水易软化解体,自稳能力差;复活型古滑坡,在凉山州多有分布,由于人类工程活动、河流冲刷等因素,古滑坡易变形和复活;库岸型滑坡,主要发育在木里县、布拖县、宁南县的水电站库区内,受库水位消落带影响斜坡塌岸隐患较多,坡体稳定性降低形成滑坡;含煤层型滑坡,主要发育在凉山州南部的煤系地层区域,斜坡前缘不合理开挖易诱发前缘滑塌并造成整体滑动;矿渣型泥石流是凉山州泥石流主要类型之一,矿渣、废石、尾砂等不合理堆放,为泥石流提供了丰富物源;凉山州常发生森林火灾,火烧迹地遭遇暴雨后易诱发火后泥石流;在构造活动强烈、山势陡峭的沟谷上游发生崩滑灾害后,易沿沟运动冲出,堵塞河道形成链式灾害。研究成果可为凉山州针对性开展防灾减灾工作提供数据支撑和科学参考。
Abstract:Due to active tectonics, topography, and river dynamics, Liangshan Prefecture is highly susceptible to geological disasters in Sichuan Province. In order to find out the developmental patterns, characteristics, and prevalent disaster modes of geological disasters in Liangshan Prefecture, this paper uses data collection, mathematical statistics, field investigation and other methods to conducted a comprehensive analysis of geological disaster data, disaster situations, and major sudden geological disaster cases in Liangshan Prefecture. The results show that the primary geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture are landslides and mud-rock flows. The landslides are mainly medium and small scale soil landslides, and the mud-rock flows are mainly medium and small scale gully mudflows. Over the recorded period, Liangshan Prefecture experienced 23 geological disasters resulting in more than 10 fatalities. Between 2006 to 2020, 46 geological disasters occurred, mainly in the forms of debris flow. This paper identifies and refines seven typical geological disaster modes in Liangshan Prefecture. Notably, red bed landslides, prone to softening and disintegration in water with poor self-stability, constitute a significant landslide type. Reactivation of ancient landslides, widely distributed in the region, is triggered by human activities, river erosion, and other factors. Reservoir bank landslides are prevalent in the reservoir areas of Muli County, Butuo County, and Ningnan County, posing risks due to fluctuating reservoir water levels. There are many hidden dangers of bank collapse due to the influence of reservoir water level, and the slope Coal-bearing landslides are prominent in the southern coal measure stratum area, induced by unsustainable mining practices. Slag-type debris flow is one of the main types of debris flow in Liangshan Prefecture. The unreasonable stacking of slag, waste rock and tailings provides rich material sources for debris flow disasters. Liangshan Prefecture frequently experiences forest fires, and the burned land is easy to induce post-fire mud-rock flow after heavy rain. When the landslide disasters occurs in the upper reaches of gullies with strong tectonic activity and steep mountain potential, it is easy to rush out along the gully, blocking the river and forming a chain disaster. The research results can provide data support and scientific insights for disaster prevention and mitigation in Liangshan Prefecture.
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表 1 凉山州地质灾害发育类型及数量
Table 1. Development types and quantities of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture
规模 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 地面塌陷 合计 占比/% 特大型 2 3 4 0 9 0.22 大型 2 106 22 0 130 3.24 中型 76 830 258 0 1164 28.98 小型 169 1735 803 6 2713 67.55 合计 249 2674 1087 6 4016 100 占比/% 6.20 66.58 27.07 0.15 100 表 2 凉山州不同类型地质灾害发育特征统计
Table 2. Statistical analysis of development characteristics of different types of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture
灾害类型 发育特征 数量/处 占比/% 滑坡 土质 2950 98.40 岩质 48 1.60 崩塌 土质 13 4.09 岩质 305 95.91 泥石流 沟道型 1177 96.55 坡面型 42 3.45 表 3 凉山州历史重大地质灾害灾情简表(死亡10人以上)
Table 3. Summary of major historical significant geological disasters in Liangshan Prefecture (with 10 or more fatalities)
序号 位置 发生日期 灾害类型 规模
/104 m3受灾对象 受灾人口/人 死亡/人 直接经济
损失/万元具体成因 1 西昌城区及周边乡镇 1850-09-12 7.5级地震 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 2.79万户 约27 000 不详 7.5级地震 2 会东县小田坝村下坝老街 1881-02-06 滑坡 不详 人、畜和房屋 不详 约30 不详 不详 3 喜德县东河 1891-07-05 泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 约1000 不详 暴雨 4 西昌市东河、西河 1942-06-16 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 约120 不详 暴雨 5 西昌沿安宁河19个乡 1951-08-24 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 15 不详 暴雨 6 西昌市东河 1955-07-14 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 68 不详 暴雨 7 喜德县中沟 1957-06-29 泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 84 不详 暴雨 8 冕宁县泸沽镇洛瓦村4组 1970-05-26 泥石流 530 原铁道部第二工程处食堂、
仓库和工棚500 104 不详 矿山开采 9 喜德县红莫镇司金沟3社 1972-08-01 泥石流 不详 村落、房屋 不详 200 3000 暴雨 10 甘洛县乌史大桥乡利子依达沟 1981-07-09 泥石流 30万 成昆铁路利子依达大桥、
旅客列车不详 240 2000 余万暴雨 11 会东县溜姑乡三家村 1988-06-01 泥石流 不详 公路大桥桥墩、工棚 26 13 不详 暴雨及冰雹 12 冕宁县漫水湾镇二村沟1组 1989-09-04 泥石流 不详 居民点、农田 3000 51 不详 暴雨 13 冕宁县漫水湾镇胜利村 1989-09-04 泥石流 不详 居民点、农田 500 12 不详 暴雨 14 德昌县永郎镇蒲坝村 1995-07-11 泥石流 2.5 聚集区 63 10 800 暴雨 15 普格县五道箐镇采阿咀沟 2003-06-20 泥石流 70 公路、房屋、通信光缆 58 10 100 暴雨 16 盐源县平川镇骡马铺村2组 2006-07-14 泥石流 100 聚集区 168 16 500 暴雨 17 冕宁县彝海乡勒帕村 2011-06-16 泥石流 不详 聚集区 不详 17 不详 暴雨 18 宁南县白鹤滩镇和平村
1组矮子沟2012-06-27 泥石流 8 分散农户、白鹤滩水
电站施工区不详 38 530 暴雨 19 雷波县岩脚乡金沙村 2013-07-27 滑坡-涌浪 不详 金沙江航道船只、对岸码头 不详 约20 不详 暴雨 20 普格县荞窝镇耿底村
4、5组桐子林沟2017-08-08 泥石流 1.03 通村公路、房屋 577 26 16000 暴雨 21 冕宁县棉沙镇许家坪村
1、2组下草坪子滑坡2012-07-12 滑坡 不详 公路、房屋 95 13 400 持续降雨 22 德昌县茨达镇新华村 2004-08-23 滑坡、泥石流 不详 聚集区 4960 17 不详 暴雨 23 德昌县乐跃镇乐跃沟村 2004-09-24 泥石流 不详 聚集区 不详 11 不详 暴雨 24 盐源县洼里乡手爬村二组北沟段 2012-08-30 泥石流、滑坡 不详 聚集区 241 13 520 暴雨 表 4 凉山州各县市灾情统计表(2006—2020年)
Table 4. Statistical table of disaster situation for each county and city in Liangshan Prefecture (2006—2020)
县/市 灾情数量/起 死亡失踪/人 经济损失/万元 县/市 灾情数量/起 死亡失踪/人 经济损失/万元 德昌县 2 3 410 冕宁县 2 20 520 甘洛县 3 4 111 木里县 3 16 220 会东县 1 2 15 宁南县 8 52 6850 会理市 2 1 75 普格县 4 31 17470 金阳县 4 13 170 喜德县 1 6 100 雷波县 7 25 745 盐源县 3 30 1470 美姑县 2 8 546 越西县 2 1 118 昭觉县 2 10 380 合计 46 222 29200 表 5 凉山州红层红层滑坡统计
Table 5. Statistical analysis of red-bed landslide in Liangshan Prefecture
红层地层 面积/km2 数量/处 灾害密度
/(处·km−2)占比/% 侏罗系 5778 515 0.089 70.6 白垩系 3177 190 0.06 26.1 三叠系 837 24 0.029 3.3 -
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