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四川凉山州地质灾害灾情特征与主要致灾类型

徐伟, 郑玄, 欧文, 铁永波, 付小麟, 宋钰朋, 殷万清. 四川凉山州地质灾害灾情特征与主要致灾类型[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 2024, 35(5): 78-89. doi: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202305029
引用本文: 徐伟, 郑玄, 欧文, 铁永波, 付小麟, 宋钰朋, 殷万清. 四川凉山州地质灾害灾情特征与主要致灾类型[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 2024, 35(5): 78-89. doi: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202305029
XU Wei, ZHENG Xuan, OU Wen, TIE Yongbo, FU Xiaolin, SONG Yupeng, YIN Wanqing. Characteristics of losses of geological disasters and major disaster types in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2024, 35(5): 78-89. doi: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202305029
Citation: XU Wei, ZHENG Xuan, OU Wen, TIE Yongbo, FU Xiaolin, SONG Yupeng, YIN Wanqing. Characteristics of losses of geological disasters and major disaster types in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2024, 35(5): 78-89. doi: 10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-8035.202305029

四川凉山州地质灾害灾情特征与主要致灾类型

  • 基金项目: 中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20221746)
详细信息
    作者简介: 徐 伟(1986—),男,山东淄博人,地质工程专业,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事地质灾害调查评价和岩体稳定性方向研究。E-mail:052054@163.com
    通讯作者: 宋钰朋(1991—),男,四川成都人,地下水科学与工程专业,大学本科,工程师,主要从事地质灾害评价与防治工作。E-mail:490882449@qq.com
  • 中图分类号: P642

Characteristics of losses of geological disasters and major disaster types in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province

More Information
  • 凉山州受活动构造、地形地貌、河流切割等作用,是四川省地质灾害高风险地区。为系统查明凉山州地质灾害发育特征、灾情特征及主要致灾类型,采用资料收集、数理统计、现场调查等方法,统计分析地质灾害数据、灾情数据和重大突发地质灾害实例。结果表明:凉山州地质灾害以滑坡、泥石流为主,滑坡主要为中小规模土质滑坡,泥石流主要为中小规模沟道型泥石流;有记录以来共计发生24起死亡10人以上的地质灾害;2006—2020年,共发生46起地质灾害灾情,以泥石流为主。总结提炼了7种地质灾害主要致灾类型,红层滑坡是凉山州滑坡主要类型之一,遇水易软化解体,自稳能力差;复活型古滑坡,在凉山州多有分布,由于人类工程活动、河流冲刷等因素,古滑坡易变形和复活;库岸型滑坡,主要发育在木里县、布拖县、宁南县的水电站库区内,受库水位消落带影响斜坡塌岸隐患较多,坡体稳定性降低形成滑坡;含煤层型滑坡,主要发育在凉山州南部的煤系地层区域,斜坡前缘不合理开挖易诱发前缘滑塌并造成整体滑动;矿渣型泥石流是凉山州泥石流主要类型之一,矿渣、废石、尾砂等不合理堆放,为泥石流提供了丰富物源;凉山州常发生森林火灾,火烧迹地遭遇暴雨后易诱发火后泥石流;在构造活动强烈、山势陡峭的沟谷上游发生崩滑灾害后,易沿沟运动冲出,堵塞河道形成链式灾害。研究成果可为凉山州针对性开展防灾减灾工作提供数据支撑和科学参考。

  • 加载中
  • 图 1  金阳县新区建设开挖形成的陡坡

    Figure 1. 

    图 2  切坡建房引发的滑坡

    Figure 2. 

    图 3  雷波县某磷矿形成的矿渣堆

    Figure 3. 

    图 4  凉山州地质灾害分布图

    Figure 4. 

    图 5  凉山州红层地层和红层滑坡分布图

    Figure 5. 

    图 6  会理市新发镇铜厂村1组老包滑坡示意图

    Figure 6. 

    图 7  金阳县天地坝镇老营盘村城北滑坡

    Figure 7. 

    图 8  白鹤滩电站边坡前缘塌岸

    Figure 8. 

    图 9  木里县瓦厂镇纳子店村店扎组滑坡

    Figure 9. 

    图 10  布拖县勒吉村4组约坡吉乃滑坡示意图

    Figure 10. 

    图 11  日格尔泥石流示意图

    Figure 11. 

    图 12  木里县项脚乡项脚沟泥石流示意图

    Figure 12. 

    图 13  冕宁县照壁山滑坡-泥石流链式灾害示意图

    Figure 13. 

    表 1  凉山州地质灾害发育类型及数量

    Table 1.  Development types and quantities of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture

    规模 崩塌 滑坡 泥石流 地面塌陷 合计 占比/%
    特大型 2 3 4 0 9 0.22
    大型 2 106 22 0 130 3.24
    中型 76 830 258 0 1164 28.98
    小型 169 1735 803 6 2713 67.55
    合计 249 2674 1087 6 4016 100
    占比/% 6.20 66.58 27.07 0.15 100
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  凉山州不同类型地质灾害发育特征统计

    Table 2.  Statistical analysis of development characteristics of different types of geological hazards in Liangshan Prefecture

    灾害类型 发育特征 数量/处 占比/%
    滑坡 土质 2950 98.40
    岩质 48 1.60
    崩塌 土质 13 4.09
    岩质 305 95.91
    泥石流 沟道型 1177 96.55
    坡面型 42 3.45
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  凉山州历史重大地质灾害灾情简表(死亡10人以上)

    Table 3.  Summary of major historical significant geological disasters in Liangshan Prefecture (with 10 or more fatalities)

    序号 位置 发生日期 灾害类型 规模
    /104 m3
    受灾对象 受灾人口/人 死亡/人 直接经济
    损失/万元
    具体成因
    1 西昌城区及周边乡镇 1850-09-12 7.5级地震 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 2.79万户 约27 000 不详 7.5级地震
    2 会东县小田坝村下坝老街 1881-02-06 滑坡 不详 人、畜和房屋 不详 约30 不详 不详
    3 喜德县东河 1891-07-05 泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 约1000 不详 暴雨
    4 西昌市东河、西河 1942-06-16 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 约120 不详 暴雨
    5 西昌沿安宁河19个乡 1951-08-24 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 15 不详 暴雨
    6 西昌市东河 1955-07-14 山洪、泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 68 不详 暴雨
    7 喜德县中沟 1957-06-29 泥石流 不详 居民、房屋、道路等 不详 84 不详 暴雨
    8 冕宁县泸沽镇洛瓦村4组 1970-05-26 泥石流 530 原铁道部第二工程处食堂、
    仓库和工棚
    500 104 不详 矿山开采
    9 喜德县红莫镇司金沟3社 1972-08-01 泥石流 不详 村落、房屋 不详 200 3000 暴雨
    10 甘洛县乌史大桥乡利子依达沟 1981-07-09 泥石流 30万 成昆铁路利子依达大桥、
    旅客列车
    不详 240 2000余万 暴雨
    11 会东县溜姑乡三家村 1988-06-01 泥石流 不详 公路大桥桥墩、工棚 26 13 不详 暴雨及冰雹
    12 冕宁县漫水湾镇二村沟1组 1989-09-04 泥石流 不详 居民点、农田 3000 51 不详 暴雨
    13 冕宁县漫水湾镇胜利村 1989-09-04 泥石流 不详 居民点、农田 500 12 不详 暴雨
    14 德昌县永郎镇蒲坝村 1995-07-11 泥石流 2.5 聚集区 63 10 800 暴雨
    15 普格县五道箐镇采阿咀沟 2003-06-20 泥石流 70 公路、房屋、通信光缆 58 10 100 暴雨
    16 盐源县平川镇骡马铺村2组 2006-07-14 泥石流 100 聚集区 168 16 500 暴雨
    17 冕宁县彝海乡勒帕村 2011-06-16 泥石流 不详 聚集区 不详 17 不详 暴雨
    18 宁南县白鹤滩镇和平村
    1组矮子沟
    2012-06-27 泥石流 8 分散农户、白鹤滩水
    电站施工区
    不详 38 530 暴雨
    19 雷波县岩脚乡金沙村 2013-07-27 滑坡-涌浪 不详 金沙江航道船只、对岸码头 不详 约20 不详 暴雨
    20 普格县荞窝镇耿底村
    4、5组桐子林沟
    2017-08-08 泥石流 1.03 通村公路、房屋 577 26 16000 暴雨
    21 冕宁县棉沙镇许家坪村
    1、2组下草坪子滑坡
    2012-07-12 滑坡 不详 公路、房屋 95 13 400 持续降雨
    22 德昌县茨达镇新华村 2004-08-23 滑坡、泥石流 不详 聚集区 4960 17 不详 暴雨
    23 德昌县乐跃镇乐跃沟村 2004-09-24 泥石流 不详 聚集区 不详 11 不详 暴雨
    24 盐源县洼里乡手爬村二组北沟段 2012-08-30 泥石流、滑坡 不详 聚集区 241 13 520 暴雨
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  凉山州各县市灾情统计表(2006—2020年)

    Table 4.  Statistical table of disaster situation for each county and city in Liangshan Prefecture (2006—2020)

    县/市 灾情数量/起 死亡失踪/人 经济损失/万元 县/市 灾情数量/起 死亡失踪/人 经济损失/万元
    德昌县 2 3 410 冕宁县 2 20 520
    甘洛县 3 4 111 木里县 3 16 220
    会东县 1 2 15 宁南县 8 52 6850
    会理市 2 1 75 普格县 4 31 17470
    金阳县 4 13 170 喜德县 1 6 100
    雷波县 7 25 745 盐源县 3 30 1470
    美姑县 2 8 546 越西县 2 1 118
    昭觉县 2 10 380 合计 46 222 29200
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 5  凉山州红层红层滑坡统计

    Table 5.  Statistical analysis of red-bed landslide in Liangshan Prefecture

    红层地层 面积/km2 数量/处 灾害密度
    /(处·km−2
    占比/%
    侏罗系 5778 515 0.089 70.6
    白垩系 3177 190 0.06 26.1
    三叠系 837 24 0.029 3.3
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
收稿日期:  2023-05-24
修回日期:  2023-10-12
录用日期:  2023-10-17
刊出日期:  2024-10-25

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