Risk amplification effect caused by main stream road bridges and culverts blockages due to debris flow
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摘要:
2020年8月17日，四川省平武县亚者造祖村干流沿岸4条沟相继暴发泥石流，导致G247国道多处断道和垮方，九绵高速项目部及民工驻地等多处遭受巨大损毁，泥石流裹挟的大量漂木汇入干流后，引发下游公路桥涵堵塞并回水淹没村庄，放大了灾害风险。为了避免类似灾害再次发生，灾后基于野外调查和遥感解译等手段，探讨了此次泥石流灾害风险特征，并重点分析了干流公路桥涵堵塞对泥石流灾害的风险放大效应。结果表明：（1）亚者造祖村“8•17”泥石流为低频稀性大规模群发性泥石流，暴发频率约为50年一遇。阿祖沟和杂排沟泥石流在规模上属特大型，麻石扎三号沟和夺补河五号沟泥石流在规模上属大型，堆积扇受灾面积约为16.66×104 m2。（2）干流公路桥涵布设不当，导致泥石流裹挟的大量漂木堵塞桥涵，形成堰塞体，致使受灾面积增大了16.78×104 m2，风险范围扩大了约1倍。（3）对于植被覆盖良好的湿润山区，干流公路桥涵修建时应适当增大桥墩之间的轴向间距，给河道预留出一定的宽度和运行空间，避免因漂木堵塞放大泥石流灾害风险。研究可为类似山区干流公路桥涵合理规划及泥石流相关防治预警工作提供参考。
Abstract:On August 17, 2020, debris flows successively occurred in four ravines along the main stream of Yazhezaozu Village, Pingwu County, Sichuan Province. This event resulted in multiple collapses and interruptions along the G247 national highway, and extensive damage to the Jiumian expressway project site and laborer residences, among other areas. A significant volume of driftwood carried by the debris flow converged into the main stream, leading to the blockage of downstream road bridges and culverts, causing backflow and village flooding, thereby exacerbating the disaster risk. To prevent similar disasters in the future, post-disaster investigations using field surveys and remote sensing interpretations explored the characteristics of this debris flow disaster's risk. A primary focus was placed on analyzing the risk amplification effect caused by blockages in main stream road bridges and culverts due to debris flow. The results indicated: (1) The ‘8.17’ debris flow in Yazhezaozu Village was a low-frequency, large-scale, rare, and extensive group occurrence, with an eruption frequency of approximately once every 50 years. The debris flows in Azu Gully and Zapai Gully were extremely large-scale, while Mashizha No. 3 Gully and Duobu River No. 5 Gully were large-scale, with an affected debris fan area of about 16.66×104 square meters. (2) Improper layout of main stream road bridges and culverts resulted in the blockages of driftwood carried by the debris flow, forming dammed bodies, increasing the affected area by 16.78×104 square meters, and enlarging the risk range by about 1-fold. (3) In well-vegetated, moist mountainous areas, when constructing main stream road bridges and culverts, it is advisable to appropriately increase the axial spacing between bridge piers, allowing for a certain width and operational space in the river channel. This will prevent the amplification of debris flow disaster risks caused by driftwood blockages. This study aims to provide guidance for the reasonable planning of main stream road bridges and culverts in similar mountainous areas and relevant prevention and early warning of debris flows.
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Key words:
- debris flow /
- bridges and culverts /
- driftwood /
- blockage /
- risk
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表 1 研究区4条泥石流沟地形地貌特征参数
Table 1. Topographic and geomorphologic characteristics parametes of four debris flow gullies in the study area
流域名称 流域面积
/km2主沟长度
/km平均纵
比降/‰最高海拔
/m最低海拔
/m最大高差
/m阿祖沟 4.10 3.10 244 3110 2353 757 麻石扎三号沟 2.43 3.20 294 3302 2361 941 夺补河五号沟 1.80 2.54 311 3147 2357 791 杂排沟 6.16 5.45 223 3543 2330 1213 
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表 2 研究区4条泥石流沟雨洪法相关参数计算结果
Table 2. Calculation results of storm flood method related parameters in four debris flow gullies in the study area
流域 P/% 
/h
/（mm·h−1）
/（m3·s−1）
/（m3·s−1）
/（104 m3）
/（104 m3）阿祖沟 1 0.91 0.97 0.8 59.20 2.8 63.26 302.82 19.19 7.91 2 0.90 1.01 0.8 51.60 2.6 52.35 232.71 14.74 6.08 5 0.87 1.08 0.79 42.00 2.4 39.16 160.70 10.18 4.20 麻石扎三号沟 1 0.94 1.07 0.8 59.20 2.8 35.57 174.58 8.30 3.57 2 0.93 1.12 0.8 51.60 2.6 29.61 134.97 6.41 2.76 5 0.91 1.19 0.79 42.00 2.4 22.41 94.27 4.48 1.93 夺补河五号沟 1 0.94 0.90 0.8 59.20 2.8 30.42 140.24 6.66 2.63 2 0.93 0.94 0.8 51.60 2.6 25.33 108.46 5.15 2.03 5 0.92 1.00 0.79 42.00 2.4 19.19 75.84 3.60 1.42 杂排沟 1 0.93 1.58 0.8 59.20 2.8 65.48 282.62 17.91 6.30 2 0.92 1.65 0.8 51.60 2.6 54.50 218.44 13.84 4.87 5 0.90 1.76 0.79 42.00 2.4 41.17 152.30 9.65 3.39 注： 
为洪峰径流系数，
为流域汇流时间，s为暴雨雨力。
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表 3 研究区4条泥石流沟形态调查法相关参数计算结果
Table 3. Calculation results of morphological survey method related parameters in four debris flow gullies in the study area
流域 
/%
/（g·cm−3）
/m
/m2
/（m·s−1）
/（m3·s−1）
/（104 m3）
/（104 m3）阿祖沟 1.15 1.68 2.0 41.00 8.40 344.39 16.37 6.79 麻石扎三号沟 1.37 1.71 2.2 16.28 9.64 156.86 7.45 3.20 夺补河五号沟 0.82 1.65 1.7 13.86 8.77 121.47 5.77 2.27 杂排沟 0.52 1.61 2.0 21.76 8.51 185.18 11.73 4.12 注：R为水力半径。
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表 4 研究区4条泥石流沟堆积扇特征及危害对象
Table 4. Characteristics and vulnerable objects of accumulation fans in four debris flow gullies in the study area
流域 堆积扇面积/（104 m2） 平均堆积厚度/m 堆积体积/（104 m3） 主要危害对象 阿祖沟 5.95 2.5 14.88 九绵高速项目部驻地、民工驻地、钢筋加工中心 麻石扎三号沟 3.14 1.5 4.72 G247国道 夺补河五号沟 3.43 1.3 4.45 九绵高速预制梁场、拌合站、白马隧道洞口驻地 杂排沟 4.14 2.3 9.52 G247国道、在建九绵高速、沟口民宿
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表 5 泥石流堵河相关参数与计算结果
Table 5. Related parameters and calculation results of debris flow blocking river
流域 
/（m3·s−1）
/（g·cm−3）
/（m·s−1）
/（°）J/‰ 
堵河情况 阿祖沟 232.71 1.68 8.40 60 244 1.19 不堵 麻石扎三号沟 134.97 1.71 9.64 120 294 0.81 不堵 夺补河五号沟 108.46 1.65 8.77 80 311 0.65 不堵 杂排沟 218.44 1.61 8.51 120 223 1.09 不堵
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