Observation of near-bottom transport of suspended sediment in the offshore area of abandoned Yellow River mouth
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摘要:
2016年11月及2017年2月，在南黄海废黄河口近岸海域投放海底三脚架进行全潮座底观测，获得了大、中、小潮期间的水位、近底部流速和悬沙浓度数据。分析结果表明，研究区海域潮流显著地受沿岸地形影响，流向与岸线大致平行，落潮流流向以NNW向为主，涨潮流流向以SSE向为主，具有往复流性质；落潮历时长于涨潮历时。研究区是南黄海近岸海域的高悬沙浓度中心之一，底部悬沙浓度通常都维持在500mg/L以上，高悬沙浓度出现的时刻略滞后于涨、落急时刻；大风浪可以导致悬沙浓度急剧升高，对悬沙浓度的影响在短时间尺度内可显著超过潮汐作用。研究发现，该海域的悬沙浓度变化可以通过将一个完整潮周期划分为4个时段：涨潮前期(加速)、后期(减速)和落潮前期(加速)、后期(减速)来讨论。在中潮落潮期间、小潮涨潮后期及落潮前期，悬沙浓度与潮流流速呈显著正相关关系，表明在此阶段悬沙浓度的变化主要受再悬浮作用控制；其他阶段，悬沙浓度与流速的正相关性不显著，悬沙浓度的变化可能与平流输运作用有关。悬沙在大潮期间向东净输运，在中潮期间向西南净输运，在小潮期间向东南净输运。总体上看，废黄河口海域沉积物以向南输运为主，表明这里是江苏中部海岸的重要物源。
Abstract:In this study, a tripod equipped with an ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter) and an OBS-3A was deployed to measure water levels, bottom current velocities and suspended sediment concentrations during the spring, moderate and neap tides in the offshore area of the abandoned Yellow River mouth in the Southern Yellow Sea in November 2016 and February 2017. The results show that the tide currents in the study area are significantly affected by coastal topography, and the current direction was roughly parallel to the shore line. The tidal current is in the direction of NNW during flood and SSE during ebb, which suggests that the study area is dominated by a rectilinear current. The ebb is longer than flood in duration. The research area is one of the centers of high suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the offshore area of the south Yellow Sea, with a high SSC maintained over 500 mg/L from the spring to the neap. In general, the peak SSC is a little lag behind the peak flood or ebb currents. Heavy wind waves may cause a sharp rise in SSC, and its impact on SSC can significantly exceed tidal effects in a short time. The study found that the variations of SSC in a complete tidal cycle can be divided into four stages: the earlier flood, later flood, earlier ebb and later ebb. In the period of mid-ebb tide, neap earlier flood tide and later ebb tide, there was a positive correlation between SSC and tidal current, which indicate that the variations of SSC is dominated by resuspension. The variations in SSC in other stages may be affected by advection. The suspended sediment transport is found to be eastward during the spring, southeastward during the neap, and southwestward between the spring and neap. Generally speaking, the sediment in the abandoned Yellow River mouth is mainly transported southward, indicating that the study area is an important sediment source for the central coastal area of Jiangsu.
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表 1 观测站位潮汐特征值
Table 1. Tidal characteristics of monitoring station
统计参数 大潮 中潮 小潮(有风浪) 小潮(无风浪) 涨潮历时/h 4.25 4.04 4.58 4.75 落潮历时/h 7.83 7.88 7.08 6.75 落潮历时/涨潮历时 1.84 1.95 1.55 1.42 涨潮平均流速/m·s-1 0.51 0.47 0.20 0.30 落潮平均流速/m·s-1 0.54 0.53 0.24 0.28 平均风速/m·s-1 5.0 4.3 8.6 - 风向/(°) 175 99 305 - 
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表 2 潮流调和常数
Table 2. Harmonic constants of tidal currents
分量 H/cm·s-1 G/(°) O1 K1 M2 S2 M4 MS4 O1 K1 M2 S2 M4 MS4 大潮 东 1 1 16 6 1 1 273 319 358 47 355 44 北 3 4 47 16 4 2 7 53 159 208 44 93 中潮 东 1 1 18 6 2 1 201 247 0 49 6 55 北 3 4 52 18 4 3 0 46 164 213 77 126 小潮(无风浪) 东 1 2 20 7 2 1 270 316 23 72 310 359 北 3 4 47 16 5 3 10 56 151 200 60 109
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表 3 显著水平测验(p值)
Table 3. The test of confidence level (p value)
涨潮前期 涨潮后期 落潮前期 落潮后期 大潮 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.008 中潮 0.030 0.013 0.002 0.000 小潮(无风浪) 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.000 小潮(有风浪) 0.104 0.000 0.046 0.924
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表 4 废黄河口外海域测站(站位位置见图 1)的悬沙通量
Table 4. The fluxes scale of suspended sediment during a tidal period of the abandoned Yellow River
潮期 日期与时间 悬沙通量(×103kg/m2)/方向(°) 余流(m/s)/方向(°) 涨潮 落潮 净通量 大潮 11/16/16:00-11/17/17:30 9.24/172.36° 9.58/355.43° 0.62/88.97° 0.017/64.37° 中潮 11/13/14:00-11/14/15:15 6.78/172.89° 7.08/350.88° 0.21/242.79° 0.026/354.65° 小潮(无风浪) 2/5/08:00-2/6/09:00 5.22/190.58° 3.01/45.80° 3.27/158.43° 0.031/330.47° 小潮(有风浪) 11/9/20:45-11/10/23:45 16.17/165.45° 7.37/10.10° 12.01/147.94° 0.043/9.83°
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