Soft soil engineering geological characteristics and spatial distribution in the north of Yellow River delta
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摘要:
软土作为一种不良土体，在黄河三角洲分布比较广泛，其工程特性一般表现为含水量高、强度低、压缩性大以及渗透性低等，易发生不良工程地质问题。黄河三角洲北部区域的河口区，软土的工程特性及空间分布目前尚未有系统分析研究。基于最新的较系统的工程地质钻孔数据资料，对河口区软土的工程地质特性参数进行了统计分析，研究了软土物理力学性质各指标的概率分布模型及参数间的相关性，就黄河三角洲地区软土的成因、厚度、埋藏条件、空间分布规律进行了分析总结，并对其主要工程地质问题及措施提出了建议。黄河三角洲北部河口地区的软土具有典型的软土特征：高含水量、高压缩性、低抗剪强度等，其软土的物理力学性质指标变异系数较小，概率分布基本符合正态分布，研究区85%的面积范围内发育软土层，软土层由近饱和或饱和的黏性土、淤泥及淤泥质粉土组成，属滨海相与三角洲相软土。该地区地基处理宜采用桩基法、排淤换填法、堆载预压法、电化学加固法等方法。
Abstract:Soft clay is a kind of bad soil to soil engineers. It is widely distributed in the Yellow River delta and its estuary areas. Bad engineering geological problems often happen in the estuarine areas which lie in the northern part of the Yellow River delta. So far, the engineering properties and the spatial distribution pattern of the soft soil in this area have remained unclear. This time, to meet the needs in socio-economic development, systematic and comprehensive investigation has been carried out based on large amount of borehole data of soft clay from the estuarine areas. Detailed probability distribution models of engineering geologic parameters and their correlations are studied in addition to the origin, thickness, burial conditions, development process and distribution of the soft soil in the study area. Main engineering geological problems and counter measures are proposed. The soft soil of the north Yellow River estuarine area is characterized by high water content, high compressibility, and low shear strength. The variation coefficient of physical properties of the soil is small and dominated by a normal probability distribution pattern. Soft soil layers, which consist of clayed soil, muck and mucky silt saturated or nearly saturated by water, cover almost 85% of the north Yellow River Delta, predominating the coastal and deltaic facies. The methods of pile foundation, desilting and replacement, stack preloading, and electrochemical reinforcement are recommended for ground treatment in the study area. The research results of this paper may provide the basis and reference to engineering construction in the Yellow River delta.
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表 1 黄河三角洲北部（河口区）软土的物理力学性质指标统计值
Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties of soft soil in the study area
指标 范围值 平均值 指标 范围值 平均值 含水率w/% 32.6～60.2 43.55 塑限wp/% 18.1～29.1 21.91 比重Gs 2.71～2.76 2.74 塑性指数Ip 11.1～25.8 16.85 密度ρ/(g.cm−3) 1.62～1.88 1.79 液性指数IL 1.00～1.65 1.29 干密度ρd/(g.cm−3) 1.02～1.36 1.25 压缩系数α/MPa 0.43～1.39 0.77 孔隙比e 1.005～1.713 1.21 压缩模量Es/MPa 1.78～4.86 3.05 饱和度Sr/% 88～100 97.73 黏聚力c/kPa 11.1～28.2 16.88 液限wL/% 29.6～54.9 38.76 内摩擦角φ/（°） 0.5～8.3 3.69 
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表 2 黄河三角洲北部（河口区）软土分布钻孔及特征
Table 2. Distribution and characteristics of drilling holes in the north of Yellow River delta（Estuarine district）
钻孔
编号软土
分布软土命名 顶板埋
深/m软土总
厚度/m钻孔
编号软土
分布软土命名 顶板埋
深/m软土总
厚度/mZT01 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 8.0 4.0 ZT45 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 10.6 5.1 ZT02 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 7.9 1.3 ZT46 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 7.0 9.0 ZT03 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 14.0 2.7 ZT47 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 7.0 10.8 ZT05 有 淤泥质黏土 8.3 1.4 ZT48 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 2.1 6.5 ZT06 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土、淤泥 7.3 6.0 ZT50 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 4.5 8.5 ZT07 有 淤泥质黏土 5.0 8.9 ZT51 有 淤泥、、淤泥质黏土、淤泥质粉质黏土 4.0 6.0 ZT08 有 淤泥质黏土 10.0 2.3 ZT52 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 4.0 8.8 ZT10 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 9.5 3.8 ZT56 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 7.0 8.0 ZT11 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 6.0 6.7 ZT57 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 2.8 1.2 ZT12 有 淤泥质黏土 11.8 2.2 ZT58 有 淤泥质黏土 10.7 1.3 ZT13 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 11.5 6.2 ZT59 有 淤泥质黏土、淤泥质粉质黏土 6.5 5.0 ZT15 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 14.0 2.0 ZT60 有 淤泥质黏土 11.2 2.7 ZT16 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 7.7 2.6 ZT61 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 0.0 2.8 ZT17 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 7.0 2.0 ZT63 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 7.9 1.5 ZT18 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 9.0 1.0 ZT64 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 5.6 1.7 ZT20 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 16.0 1.9 ZT65 有 淤泥、淤泥质黏土 2.4 6.1 ZT21 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 10.0 2.3 ZT66 有 淤泥质黏土 4.3 1.7 ZT23 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 14.0 2.0 ZT68 有 淤泥、淤泥质黏土 4.0 6.1 ZT24 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 14.0 1.5 ZT69 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 10.5 3.0 ZT26 有 淤泥质黏土 10.1 2.9 ZT70 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 16.0 2.3 ZT28 有 淤泥质黏土 7.9 3.6 ZT74 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 14.0 3.5 ZT29 有 淤泥质黏土 13.9 2.5 ZT75 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 4.9 8.5 ZT30 有 淤泥质黏土 8.8 4.3 ZT76 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 5.8 7.5 ZT31 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 6.7 4.8 ZT77 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 5.0 9.5 ZT32 有 淤泥、淤泥质粉质黏土 7.0 8.0 ZT78 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 4.5 3.1 ZT33 有 淤泥质黏土 10.0 6.0 ZT79 有 淤泥质黏土 14.0 1.0 ZT34 有 淤泥质黏土 13.0 2.0 ZT80 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 11.7 3.3 ZT35 有 淤泥、淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 7.8 7.2 ZT81 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 5.6 4.4 ZT36 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 3.4 4.4 ZT82 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 8.0 3.7 ZT37 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 7.0 5.5 ZT83 有 淤泥质黏土 14.4 1.6 ZT38 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 8.7 7.8 ZT85 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 12.0 1.7 ZT39 有 淤泥质黏土 9.0 1.0 ZT86 有 淤泥质黏土 11.6 2.4 ZT40 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 10.5 6.0 ZT87 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 8.8 3.2 ZT41 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 0.0 6.4 ZT89 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 9.8 2.7 ZT42 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 8.0 5.5 ZT90 有 淤泥质黏土 11.0 4.0 ZT43 有 淤泥质黏土 9.0 3.0 ZT91 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 6.6 2.4 ZT44 有 淤泥质粉质黏土、淤泥质黏土 6.1 11.7 ZT92 有 淤泥质粉质黏土 13.0 3.0 注：刁口乡行政上不隶属于河口区，本次未进行钻孔布设，故亦未开展软土的圈定。
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