Experimental study on sand production and seabottom subsidence of non-diagenetic hydrate reservoirs in depressurization production
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摘要:
天然气水合物多赋存在非成岩地层中，在开采过程中易出现出砂和沉降情况，制约了天然气水合物的安全高效长期开采。为研究水合物开采过程中的温压、产气、产水、出砂和沉降情况，在自主研发水合物出砂及防砂模拟装置上进行了不同条件下的开采模拟实验。研究表明，在前两个生产阶段，产水含砂率和出砂粒径随着水合物开采而逐渐增大；水合物细砂储层产气速率增加会增大携液能力，导致携砂能力增强而增大出砂风险，同时高产气速率促进井筒温度降低导致冰相生成，存在冰堵的风险；开采过程中的储层沉降与储层水合物含量相关性较大，而产气速率和降压速率对储层沉降的影响与产气模式有关。水合物开采中后期进行增产作业会增加储层出砂风险和沉降速率，进一步探讨了该实验对日本2013年第一次海域水合物试采出砂情况的推测，提出水合物开采分阶段分级防砂的概念。
Abstract:Nature gas hydrate mainly exists in non-diagenetic strata, and sand production and reservoir subsidence often happen during mining, which restrict the safe and sustainable production of gas hydrate. In order to study the relationship of sand production and reservoir subsidence with temperature, pressure, gas production, water production of hydrate exploitation, simulation tests under different conditions were conducted with a self-developed device for sand production and sand control. It is observed that the sand ratio and grain size of water gradually increased in the first two production stages; For fine-grained sand reservoir, increasing the gas production rates will enhance the sand carrying ability of water, so that the sand production risk increases. At the same time, high-gas-production will accelerate the temperature decrease and lead to the formation of ice-phase, and/or ice blocking. The reservoir subsidence during hydrate exploitation is closely related to hydrate content in the reservoir. However, the influence of gas production rates and depressurization rates on reservoir subsidence are related to gas production mode. The stimulation operation in the mid-late stages of hydrate exploitation will increase sand production risk and subsidence. We further discussed the sand production taking the first marine hydrate mining case in Japan in 2013 and proposed the concept of sand prevention according to grades and stages.
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图 7 不同时间出砂的粒度分类(a) (a中数字标签为出砂时间)和产水含砂率及中值粒度随时间的变化(b) (b中数值标签为产水含砂率，400min为井底沉砂)
Figure 7.
表 1 材料属性清单
Table 1. Properties of materials
材料 属性 供应 砂 d (0.5)=225.67μm, 均匀性0.396, 比表面积0.18m2/g, 密度1.63g/mL, 孔隙度28.52% 广州海洋地质调查局 去离子水 电阻率18.2mΩ/cm 实验室自制 甲烷 纯度99.999%(摩尔分数) 世粤气体有限公司 
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表 2 实验条件及结果
Table 2. Experimental conditions and results
阶段 变量及单位 实验编号 1 2 3 4 5 干砂量/kg 2 2 2 2 2 初始加水量/g 250 350 250 250 250 样品制备 初始含水率/% 11.11 14.89 11.11 11.11 11.11 初始水合物饱和度/% 46.71 65.40 46.71 46.71 46.71 水驱注水量/mL 806.68 855.31 725.55 653.86 673.86 开采作业 流量计产气限速/sccm 400 1000 1000 500 231 采水砂时间点/min 1, 1.25, 1.75, 30.33, 85.67, 305.33, 底部 0.82, 0.5, 62.5, 63.3, 165.5, 173.25, 底部 0.5, 1, 1.82, 8.15, 16.27, 44.89, 底部 0.5, 1.27, 1.6, 12.4, 51.93, 底部 20, 60.58, 122, 300, 底部 开始增产时间点/min N 349 N N 314 开采结果 产气时长/min 1100 400 179 288 347 产气量/SL 72.9 113.2 78 77 50.9 水合物量/mol 0.41 0.63 0.44 0.43 0.28 水合物饱和度/% 61.84 95.86 67.01 65.32 43.18 产水砂量/g 640.87 682.58 905.13 887.39 527.42 出砂量/g 1.14 7.91 7.05 6.63 6.21 地层沉降/mm -1.93 -2.28 -1.88 -1.96 -1.77
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表 3 图 6参数说明(表中参数依次为开采的时间、沉降量、水合物的mol量、孔隙中水合物的含量)
Table 3. Description of parameters in Figure 6(m indicates production time min, S indicates subsidence ratio, mol indicates moles of hydrate, Sh indicates hydrate saturation in pore)
a b c d e 实验1 0min, S=0%, 0.41mol, Sh=61.84% 18min, S=-0.15%, 0.37mol, Sh=56.58% 125min, S=-0.7%, 0.18mol, Sh=27.99% 325min, S=-1.23%, 0.04mol, Sh=5.85% 600min, S=-1.79%, 0.001mol, Sh=0.09% 实验2 0min, S=0%, 0.63mol, Sh=95.86% 10min, S=-0.25%, 0.58mol, Sh=88.23% 150min, S=-1.52%, 0.11mol, Sh=16.97% 343min, S=-1.81%, 0.02mol, Sh=3.39% 362min, S=-2.23%, 0mol, Sh=0% 实验3 0min, S=0%, 0.44mol, Sh=67.01% 13min, S=-0.24%, 0.38mol, Sh=57.69% 80min, S=-1.62%, 0.006mol, Sh=0.85% 170min, S=-1.87%, 0mol, Sh=0% 189min, S=-1.88%, 0mol, Sh=0% 实验4 0min, S=0%, 0.43mol, Sh=65.32% 10.17min, S=-0.38%, 0.4mol, Sh=61.08% 110.83min, S=-1.26%, 0.12mol, Sh=18.66% 200min, S=-1.66%, 0.02mol, Sh=2.54% 287.17min, S= -1.96%, 0mol, Sh=0% 实验5 0min, S=0%, 0.28mol, Sh=43.18% 25min, S=-0.27%, 0.26mol, Sh=39.25% 312min, S=-1.58%, 0.04mol, Sh=5.89% 339min, S=-1.75%, 0.01mol, Sh=0.98% 355min, S=-1.76%, 0mol, Sh=0%
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表 4 实验1—5沉降的相关性分析
Table 4. Correlation of subsidence in experiments 1—5
r 实验1 实验2 实验3 实验4 实验5 沉降量 1 1 1 1 1 孔隙压力 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.60 0.81 产气速率 0.95 0.89 0.77 -0.48 0.48 水合物摩尔量 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.96 0.92 孔隙水合物饱和度 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.97 0.92 累计产水量 -0.93 -0.91 -0.82 -0.79 -0.92
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