Current status and problems of exploration and development of world ocean metal mineral resources
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摘要:
世界大洋底蕴藏着丰富的金属矿产资源，其所含的锰、钴、镍、稀土等矿产是陆地含量的数十倍乃至数百倍或更高，因此是未来矿产资源的接替区。本文介绍了世界大洋多金属结核、富钴结壳、多金属硫化物及深海稀土等资源现状、分布及潜力，分析总结了21世纪以来国际海底区金属矿产勘查合同现状，并介绍了俄罗斯、巴布亚新几内亚、日本、中国等国家在其专属经济区内进行多金属结核、多金属硫化物开采实验的情况。由于世界大洋金属矿产资源丰富，潜力巨大，其勘查开发日益受到世界各国的重视，国际海底勘探合同不断增加，商业开发提上日程，但国际海底区的金属矿产资源开发仍面临技术、规章、环境等方面的制约和挑战。
Abstract:The world seabed holds abundant metal mineral resources. The minerals on the seafloor such as cobalt, nickel, rare earth, and other minerals, are tens or even hundreds of times higher than those on land. Therefore, they are considered the ideally alternatives for future mineral explorations. This paper introduces the current status, distribution and potential of these resources in the world’s ocean, including polymetallic nodules, Cobalt-rich crusts, polymetallic sulfides and deep-sea REEs. This review analyzes and summarizes the cases of metal mineral exploration contracts in the international subsea area since the 21st century, and discusses the advances in the mining tests of polymetallic nodules and polymetallic sulfides in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Russia, Papua New Guinea, Japan, China and other countries. Considering that the world's ocean metal mineral resources are abundant and have great potential, their exploration and mining are increasingly emphasized by governments all around the world. International seabed exploration contracts have been continuously increased, and commercial exploitation has been put on the agenda, but the mining of metal mineral resources in the international seabed areas still faces many constraints and challenges in terms of technology, regulations and environmental protection.
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表 1 不同构造环境中多金属块状硫化物的金属平均含量
Table 1. The mean metal content of seafloor massive sulfide occurrences with respect to their tectonic settings
构造环境 有化学分析数据的矿床数 铜/% 锌/% 铅/% 铁/% 金/10−6 银/10−6 无沉积物的大洋中脊 60 4.2 8.2 0.2 26.0 1.2 92 含超基性岩的大洋中脊 12 13.2 7.1 ＜0.1 24.7 6.6 66 有沉积物的大洋中脊 4 0.9 3.1 0.4 32.2 0.4 65 洋内弧 36 2.6 17.3 0.7 14.9 4.2 188 过渡弧 13 6.6 17.4 1.5 8.8 12.9 321 陆内弧 6 2.7 14.0 8.0 5.8 3.5 2 091 火山弧 17 3.9 8.9 1.8 11.0 10.0 204 
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表 2 芬兰湾海域大陆架多金属结核矿床的矿山—地质特征
Table 2. Mining-geological characteristics of polymetallic nodule deposits on the continental shelf of the Gulf of Finland
矿床名称 维赫列夫 科波尔 库尔加利 朗多 2009年前的状态 “Петротранс”股份有限公司采矿用地 未发证后备资源 地质研究程度 做过评价 储量级别 C2 C1+ C2 C2 C1+ C2 湿多金属结核储量（万t） 51.87 19.18 194.88 189.24 锰储量（t） 43 830 12 083 159 802 147 607 在采矿区面积（km2） 50.2 30.6 41.3 — 湿多金属结核产出密度（kg/m2） 24.94 24.9 63.1 32.08 锰的平均含量（%） 16.89 12.59 16.41 15.64 平均深度（m） 25.2 25.0 56.8 35.8
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表 3 《联合国海洋法公约》中与深海采矿环境问题有关的一些条款[31]
Table 3. Some articles of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea related to environmental issues in deep sea mining [31]
·第Ⅺ部分（条款145）：防止/减少/控制污染和其他灾害，以及对海洋环境生态平衡的干扰；保护和维护海区自然资源及防止损害海洋环境中的动植物。 ·第Ⅺ部分（条款147（1）和（3））：矿产活动时要合理关注海区和海洋环境中的其他活动，反之亦然。 ·附件Ⅲ条款17——宣告国际海底管理局必须管理海洋环境：（1）、（b）（xii）和2（f） ·附件Ⅲ条款14（2）：海洋环境资料无专有权 ·协议履行：序言；款1（g）、（h）、（i）、（k） 第Ⅻ部分（海洋环境保护和维护）： ·条款192：“国家有责任保护和维护海洋环境” ·条款194（5）：需要为保护和维护稀少和脆弱的生态系统及枯竭、受威协和受损害的物种和其他海洋生命采取措施 ·条款204和206：需要对环境影响进行评价和监测 ·条款209：尤其对海区要有海洋环境保护要求；包括为首国家 ·条款215：海区海洋环境保护规章的实施（参见第Ⅺ部分条款153（5）） 第XIII部分（海洋科学调查）： ·条款240（d）：海洋科学调查服从于第Ⅻ部分（海洋环境保护）规则（参见条款87（1））：公海自由权，包括海洋科学调查；它们进行是不受限的；必须履行所有“公海”自由权，海区活动应予关注（条款87（2）） ·条款256：国际海底管理局、缔约国和其他有能力的国际组织都可参与海区海洋科学调查（参见条款87（2）和第Ⅺ部分条款143） ·条款242和243：鼓励国际海底管理局、缔约国和承包商在海洋科学调查上全面开展国际合作，尤其是在海洋环境及相关调查上（参见条款143海区的海洋科学调查）。这对开发和完成“渐增的”环境影响管理系统是必不可少的
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