海底麻坑表征及成因研究——以尼日尔三角洲为例

杨志鹏; 李磊; 张威; 龚广传; 党星宇; 程琳燕; 高毅凡

doi:10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2019111902

海底麻坑表征及成因研究——以尼日尔三角洲为例

1.
西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院，西安 710065

2.
陕西省油气成藏地质学重点实验室，西安 710065

3.
中国矿业大学，北京 100091

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目“深水重力流流态转化研究”（41302147）；西安石油大学研究生创新与实践能力培养计划（YCS19112028）

详细信息

作者简介: 杨志鹏（1996—），男，硕士，主要从事地震解释及深水沉积方面的研究工作，E-mail：1375152634@qq.com

通讯作者: 李磊（1979—），男，博士，教授，硕导，主要从事地震地质综合解释及海洋沉积方面的研究工作，E-mail：lilei@xsyu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P737.2

收稿日期: 2019-11-19

修回日期: 2020-04-28

刊出日期: 2020-12-25

Characteristics and genesis of submarine pockmarks -- A case from the Niger Delta

1.
1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China

2.
2. Shaanxi Key Lab of Petroleum Accumulation Geology, Xi’an 710065, China

3.
China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) , Beijing 100091, China

More Information

Corresponding author: LI Lei, lilei@xsyu.edu.cn

Received Date: 19 November 2019

Revised Date: 28 April 2020

Publish Date: 25 December 2020

摘要

摘要:
基于西非几内亚湾尼日尔三角洲盆地研究区约1300 km²的高分辨率三维地震资料，研究麻坑的剖面特征、平面展布形态、麻坑与水道的关系、麻坑的成因。通过对目的层位的精细解释及多种地震属性提取的方法，在研究区西北部发现了75个麻坑，在海底水道上方发现了56个麻坑，以及在研究区其他区域分布的62个麻坑。研究区主要有条带状麻坑、复合麻坑和孤立麻坑三种麻坑样式。麻坑的成因和分布模式受埋藏水道段侵蚀和切割的影响，麻坑下方地层中相应的浊积水道产生流体，流体向上运移导致地层不连续，进而对麻坑的形成和分布产生影响。根据麻坑下方地层特征和充填模式，将麻坑的成因分为古水道成因和断裂成因。
- 海底麻坑 /
- 海底水道 /
- 浅层流体 /
- 地层不连续性
Abstract:
Based on the high-resolution three-dimensional seismic data of about 1300 km² acquired from the Niger Delta Basin of the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa, studied in this paper are the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of pockmarks, the relationship between pockmarks and sea bottom channels, and the genesis of various types of pockmarks. Through the fine interpretation of the target horizon and the extraction of various seismic attributes, there have found 75 pockmarks in the northwest of the study area, 56 pockmarks found above channels, and 62 pockmarks distributed in other parts of the study area. There are three types of pockmarks, such as pockmarks in belts, complex pockmarks and isolated pockmarks. The causes and distribution patterns of pockmarks are affected by the erosion and cutting of buried channel sections. The corresponding turbidity channels in the stratum below the pockmarks produce fluids. The upward migration of fluids causes the stratum to be discontinuous, which in turn affects the stratum and distribution of pockmarks. According to the stratigraphic characteristics and filling mode, the genesis of pockmarks is classified into ancient channel genesis and fault genesis.
- submarine pockmarks /
- channels /
- shallow fluid /
- stratigraphic discontinuity

HTML全文

图 1 尼日尔三角洲研究区位置图和地层年代示意图（据文献[35]修订）

Figure 1.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 研究区麻坑平面分布图（D1和D2为过水道和麻坑的纵剖面）

Figure 2.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 研究区海底麻坑剖面形态图

Figure 3.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 麻坑与水道分布关系图（剖面位置见图2a）

Figure 4.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 麻坑下方水道沉积物填充示意图

Figure 5.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 麻坑的几何特征和海底结构示意图（据文献[43]修订）

Figure 6.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 古水道埋藏段示意图（剖面位置见图2c）

Figure 7.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 麻坑下部气烟囱示意图

Figure 8.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 麻坑下部断裂分布图（位置见图2b，红线代表断裂位置）

Figure 9.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 孤立麻坑形成机理（据文献[43]修订）

Figure 10.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(47)

[1]	King L H, Maclean B. Pockmarks on the scotian shelf [J]. GSA Bulletin, 1970, 81(10): 3141-3148. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3141:POTSS]2.0.CO;2
[2]	Newman K R, Cormier M H, Weissel J K, et al. Active methane venting observed at giant pockmarks along the U.S. mid-Atlantic shelf break [J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, 267(1-2): 341-352. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgl.2007.11.053
[3]	Cathles L M, Su Z, Chen D F. The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation, with implications for assessment of seafloor hazards and gas sequestration [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010, 27(1): 82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.09.010
[4]	Hovland M, Heggland R, De Vries M H, et al. Unit-pockmarks and their potential significance for predicting fluid flow [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010, 27(6): 1190-1199. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.02.005
[5]	Andresen K J, Huuse M. ‘Bulls-eye’ pockmarks and polygonal faulting in the Lower Congo Basin: Relative timing and implications for fluid expulsion during shallow burial [J]. Marine Geology, 2011, 279(1-4): 111-127. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2010.10.016
[6]	Gemmer L, Huuse M, Clausen O R, et al. Mid-Palaeocene palaeogeography of the eastern North Sea Basin: integrating geological evidence and 3D geodynamic modelling [J]. Basin Research, 2002, 14(3): 329-346. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2002.00182.x
[7]	Betzler C, Lindhorst S, Hubscher C, et al. Giant pockmarks in a carbonate platform (Maldives, Indian Ocean) [J]. Marine Geology, 2011, 289(1-4): 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2011.09.004
[8]	Davies R J. Kilometer-scale fluidization structures formed during early burial of a deep-water slope channel on the Niger Delta [J]. Geology, 2003, 31(11): 949-952. doi: 10.1130/G19835.1
[9]	Hovland M, Judd A G. Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages: Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine Environment[M]. London, Boston: Graham & Trotman Limited, 1988: 293.
[10]	Haskell N, Nissen S, Hughes M, et al. Delineation of geologic drilling hazards using 3-D seismic attributes [J]. The Leading Edge, 1999, 18(3): 373-382. doi: 10.1190/1.1438301
[11]	Pilcher R, Argent J. Mega-pockmarks and linear pockmark trains on the West African continental margin [J]. Marine Geology, 2007, 244(1-4): 15-32. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2007.05.002
[12]	Sun Q L, Wu S G, Cartwright J, et al. Focused fluid flow systems of the Zhongjiannan Basin and Guangle Uplift, South China Sea [J]. Basin Research, 2013, 25(1): 97-111. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2012.00551.x
[13]	Foland S S, Maher N, Yun J W. Pockmarks along the Californian continental margin: implications for fluid flow [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1999, 83: 681-706.
[14]	Chand S, Rise L, Ottesen D, et al. Pockmark-like depressions near the Goliat hydrocarbon field, Barents Sea: morphology and genesis [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2008, 26(7): 1035-1042.
[15]	Dimitrov L, Woodside J. Deep sea pockmark environments in the eastern Mediterranean [J]. Marine Geology, 2003, 195(1-4): 263-276. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00692-8
[16]	Gay A, Lopez M, Cochonat P, et al. Isolated seafloor pockmarks linked to BSRs, fluid chimneys, polygonal faults and stacked Oligocene–Miocene turbiditic palaeochannels in the Lower Congo Basin [J]. Marine Geology, 2005, 226(1-2): 25-40.
[17]	Gay A, Lopez M, Cochonat P, et al. Evidences of early to late fluid migration from an upper Miocene turbiditic channel revealed by 3D seismic coupled to geochemical sampling within seafloor pockmarks, Lower Congo Basin [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2006, 23(3): 387-399. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.02.004
[18]	Hovland M. Pockmarks and gas-charged sediments in the eastern Skagerrak [J]. Continental Shelf Research, 1992, 12(10): 1111-1119. doi: 10.1016/0278-4343(92)90072-R
[19]	Harrington P K. Formation of pockmarks by pore-water escape [J]. Geo-Marine Letters, 1985, 5(3): 193-197. doi: 10.1007/BF02281638
[20]	Sun Q L, Wu S G, Hovland M, et al. The morphologies and genesis of mega-pockmarks near the Xisha Uplift, South China Sea [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2011, 28(6): 1146-1156. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.03.003
[21]	Sultan N, Cochonat P, Foucher J P, et al. Effect of gas hydrates melting on seafloor slope instability [J]. Marine Geology, 2004, 213(1-4): 379-401. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.015
[22]	Bøe R, Rise L, Ottesen D. Elongate depressions on the southern slope of the Norwegian Trench (Skagerrak): morphology and evolution [J]. Marine Geology, 1998, 146(1-4): 191-203. doi: 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00133-3
[23]	Sultan N, Marsset B, Ker S, et al. Hydrate dissolution as a potential mechanism for pockmark formation in the Niger delta [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115(B8).
[24]	Nakajima T, Kakuwa Y, Yasudomi Y, et al. Formation of pockmarks and submarine canyons associated with dissociation of gas hydrates on the Joetsu Knoll, eastern margin of the Sea of Japan [J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2014, 90: 228-242. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.011
[25]	Hovland M, Gardner J V, Judd A G. The significance of pockmarks to understanding fluid flow processes and geohazards [J]. Geofluids, 2002, 2(2): 127-136. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-8123.2002.00028.x
[26]	Marcon Y, Ondréas H, Sahling H, et al. Fluid flow regimes and growth of a giant pockmark [J]. Geology, 2013, 42(1): 63-66.
[27]	沙志彬, 杨木壮, 梁劲, 等. 南海北部陆坡海底异常地貌特征与天然气水合物的关系[J]. 南海地质研究, 2003(14):29-34 SHA Zhibin, YANG Muzhuang, LIANG Jin, et al. The characteristics of the abnormal physiognomys of seabed related to gas hydrate in North Slope, South China Sea [J]. Gresearch of Eological South China Sea, 2003(14): 29-34.
[28]	李列, 宋海斌, 杨计海. 莺歌海盆地中央坳陷带海底天然气渗漏系统初探[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2006, 21(4):1244-1247 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.04.030 LI Lie, SONG Haibin, YANG Jihai. A preliminary study of seafloor gas seepage in central sag zone of Yinggehai Basin [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2006, 21(4): 1244-1247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.04.030
[29]	邸鹏飞, 黄华谷, 黄保家, 等. 莺歌海盆地海底麻坑的形成与泥底辟发育和流体活动的关系[J]. 热带海洋学报, 2012, 31(5):26-36 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2012.05.005 DI Pengfei, HUANG Huagu, HUANG Baojia, et al. Seabed pockmark formation associated with mud diapir development and fluid activities in the Yinggehai Basin of the South China Sea [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2012, 31(5): 26-36. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-5470.2012.05.005
[30]	拜阳, 宋海斌, 关永贤, 等. 利用反射地震和多波束资料研究南海西北部麻坑的结构特征与成因[J]. 地球物理学报, 2014, 57(7):2208-2222 doi: 10.6038/cjg20140716 BAI Yang, SONG Haibin, GUAN Yongxian, et al. Structural characteristics and genesis of pockmarks in the Northwest of the South China Sea derived from reflective seismic and multibeam data [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2014, 57(7): 2208-2222. doi: 10.6038/cjg20140716
[31]	张田升, 吴自银, 赵荻能, 等. 南海礼乐盆地海底麻坑地貌及成因分析[J]. 海洋学报, 2019, 41(3):106-120 ZHANG Tiansheng, WU Ziyin, ZHAO Dineng, et al. The morphologies and genesis of pockmarks in the Reed Basin, South China Sea [J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2019, 41(3): 106-120.
[32]	Doust H, Omatsola E. “Niger delta”, in J. D. Edwards and P. A. Santogrossi, Eds., Divergent/Passive Margin Basins[J]. AAPG Memoir, 1990, 48(1): 20-238.
[33]	Hooper R J, Fitzsimmons R J, Grant N, et al. The role of deformation in controlling depositional patterns in the south-central Niger Delta, West Africa [J]. Journal of Structural Geology, 2002, 24(4): 847-859. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00122-5
[34]	Jermannaud P, Rouby D, Robin C, et al. Plio-Pleistocene sequence stratigraphic architecture of the eastern Niger Delta: a record of eustasy and aridification of Africa [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010, 27(4): 810-821. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.12.005
[35]	Nyantakyi E K, Li T, Hu W S, et al. Structural and stratigraphic characteristics on distal parts of the outer fold and thrust belt of southern Niger Delta, Nigeria [J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2015, 8(9): 6677-6695. doi: 10.1007/s12517-014-1727-x
[36]	Short K C, Stäuble A J. Outline of geology of Niger Delta [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1967, 51(5): 761-779.
[37]	Avbovbo A A. Tertiary lithostratigraphy of Niger delta [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1978, 62(2): 295-306.
[38]	Corredor F, Shaw J H, Bilotti F. Structural styles in the deep-water fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta [J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2005, 89(6): 753-780. doi: 10.1306/02170504074
[39]	Graue K. Mud volcanoes in deepwater Nigeria [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2000, 17(8): 959-974. doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(00)00016-7
[40]	Riboulot V, Cattaneo A, Berné S, et al. Geometry and chronology of late Quaternary depositional sequences in the eastern Niger submarine delta [J]. Marine Geology, 2012, 319-322: 1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2012.03.002
[41]	陈宇航, 姚根顺, 吕福亮, 等. 东非鲁伍马盆地渐新统深水水道-朵体沉积特征及控制因素[J]. 石油学报, 2017, 38(9):1047-1058 doi: 10.7623/syxb201709006 CHEN Yuhang, YAO Genshun, LÜ Fuliang, et al. Sedimentary characteristics and controlling factors of Oligocene deep-water channel-lobe in Rovuma Basin of the East Africa [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2017, 38(9): 1047-1058. doi: 10.7623/syxb201709006
[42]	李磊, 裴都, 都鹏燕, 等. 海底麻坑的构型、特征、演化及成因——以西非木尼河盆地陆坡为例[J]. 海相油气地质, 2013, 18(4):53-58 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2013.04.008 LI Lei, PEI Du, DU Pengyan, et al. Architecture, character, evolution and genesis of seabed pockmarks: a case study to the continental slope in Rio Muni Basin, West Africa [J]. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology, 2013, 18(4): 53-58. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9854.2013.04.008
[43]	Xu C L, Xu G Q, Xing J H, et al. Research progress of seafloor pockmarks in spatio-temporal distribution and classification [J]. Journal of Ocean University of China, 2020, 19(1): 69-80. doi: 10.1007/s11802-020-3878-6
[44]	苏明, 沙志彬, 匡增桂, 等. 海底峡谷侵蚀-沉积作用与天然气水合物成藏[J]. 现代地质, 2015, 29(1):155-162 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.01.019 SU Ming, SHA Zhibin, KUANG Zenggui, et al. Erosion and sedimentation of the submarine canyons and the relationship with gas hydrate accumulation [J]. Geoscience, 2015, 29(1): 155-162. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.01.019
[45]	Loncke L, Mascle J, Parties F S. Mud volcanoes, gas chimneys, pockmarks and mounds in the Nile deep-sea fan (eastern Mediterranean): geophysical evidences [J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2004, 21(6): 669-689. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.02.004
[46]	Kelley J T, Dickson S M, Belknap D F, et al. Giant sea-bed pockmarks: evidence for gas escape from Belfast Bay, Maine [J]. Geology, 1994, 22(1): 59-62. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0059:GSBPEF>2.3.CO;2
[47]	Gontharet S, Pierre C, Blanc-Valleron M M, et al. Nature and origin of diagenetic carbonate crusts and concretions from mud volcanoes and pockmarks of the Nile deep-sea fan (eastern Mediterranean Sea) [J]. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2007, 54(11-13): 1292-1311. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.007