Palynological evidence for palaeoenviromental change and human activity in Ningde of Fujian Province during Holocene
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摘要:
分析了福建省宁德市东部海岸带地区NDQK2钻孔的42个孢粉样品。3个光释光和9个14C测年结果显示，钻孔沉积物年代跨越了末次冰消期晚期和全新世阶段。本文试图通过孢粉分析来重建宁德地区全新世以来的古环境演化，探讨古人类活动对天然植被演替的可能影响。本钻孔与该区域已发表的NDGK2和NDQK5孔的孢粉组合共同显示，深海氧同位素（MIS）5a阶段（约85 kaBP）至早全新世，周边陆地一直被亚热带常绿阔叶林和松林所覆盖，然而，约7770～4970 aBP期间以禾本科（Poaceae）为主的草本植物花粉和以芒萁属（Dicranopteris）为主的蕨类孢子含量剧增，孢粉组合与MIS5a以来的其他时段明显不同，类似于现代山地和海域表土孢粉组合。考虑到当地亚热带阔叶林被破坏后可形成以芒萁和禾本科为主的植被群落，我们认为宁德地区在7770～4970 aBP前就存在人类活动，并开始强烈影响森林组成，古人类砍伐树木导致分布于林缘与荒地的芒萁和禾本科等次生植被迅速扩张。基于东南沿海考古证据的时空分布对比，认为中、晚全新世本研究区周边古人类活动的出现可能与长江中下游古文明的迁移存在某种关联。
Abstract:Analyzed by this paper are 42 pollen samples from the core of NDQK2, a 17.3 m long drilling core on the eastern coast of Ningde city, Fujian Province. Three optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) and nine AMS14C samples are dated. It is revealed that the core is made of with the deposits from Late Last Deglaciation and Holocene. Pollen are used as a major mean to reconstruct the Holocene palaeo-environment and to explore the possible impact of human activities on vegetation succession. Together with the published pollen data from adjacent cores of NDGK2 and NDQK5, it is found that subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and pine forest prevailed since marine isotope stage (MIS) 5a (～85 kaBP). However, Poaceae-dominated non-arboreal pollen component and Dicranopteris-dominated spores component increased sharply since 0.777～0.497 kaBP. The pollen assemblages are significantly different from other intervals of MIS5a, but similar to those in modern soils and marine sediments. If the expansion of Dicranopteris dichotoma and Poaceae plants is due to the destruction of subtropical broad-leaved forests by human activities, it suggests that human being had colonized in this region around 0.777～0.497 kaBP. The deforest by human being changed the natural forest composition, and resulted in the expansion of secondary plants such as Dicranopteris dichotoma and Poaceae distributed along the boarder of forest. The spatial and temporal distribution of archaeological evidence along southeast China indicates a possible link of human activities between the the study area and the migration of ancient culture from the lower Yangtze River during Mid-Late Holocene.
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Key words:
- pollen /
- human activities /
- the Holocene /
- Ningde City of Fujian Province
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表 1 钻孔和现代表土采样点点位及样品类型描述
Table 1. Description of modern topsoil sampling points and sample types
样品编号 海拔/m 纬度 （N） 经度 （E） 样品类型 NDQK2钻孔 −2.6 26°38′09.79″ 119°33′04.28″ 黏土 1号 823.5 26°38′24.61″ 119°30′14.12″ 苔藓 12号 572 26°38′39.60″ 119°30′04.15″ 苔藓 15号 456 26°38′32.02″ 119°30′45.29″ 苔藓 64号 −7.3 26°41′54.02″ 119°39′52.01″ 泥 65号 −8.6 26°42′00.79″ 119°42′21.89″ 泥质砂 55号 −52.6 26°37′34.89″ 119°44′24.37″ 泥质砂 
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表 2 NDQK2钻孔的OSL测年结果
Table 2. OSL dated ages of core NDQK2
实验室编号 深度/m Th/ （μg/g） 误差/10−6 U （/μg/g） 误差/10−6 年龄/ka 误差/ ka 粒径/μm NDQK2-OSL-1 13.90～14.00 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 11.4 0.9 38～63 NDQK2-OSL-2 15.00～15.10 3.85 2.61 3.16 3.54 11.7 0.9 38～63 NDQK2-OSL-3 17.35～17.45 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 38～63
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表 3 NDQK2钻孔的AMS14C测年结果
Table 3. AMS14C dating ages of core NDQK2
实验室编号 深度/m 测年材料 测试年龄/aBP 校正年龄 （2σ） /aBP 平均值/aBP NDQK2 14C-1 2.2 螺 625±20 610～554 582 NDQK2 14C-2 5.9 贝壳 465±20 531～500 515.5 NDQK2 14C-3 7.1 贝壳 505±20 543～510 526.5 Beta-567975 7.3 植物残体 4430±30 5069～4875 4972 Beta-552207 7.6 植物残体 6950±30 7849～7689 7769 NDQK2 14C-4 8.2 贝壳 7425±25 8326～8185 8255.5 NDQK2 14C-4-2 8.2 木炭 7055±30 7955～7835 7895 Beta-552202 10.3 植物残体 7990±40 9006～8705 8855.5 Beta-552203 13.3 植物残体 7970±30 8993～8704 8848.5
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表 4 NDQK2钻孔的孢粉和藻类类型及生态学划分[22]
Table 4. Pollen and algae taxa and ecological groups in core NDQK2[22]
类型 主要成分 主要属种 孢粉 热带、亚热带针叶林成分 Podocarpus罗汉松属、Cupressaceae柏科、Keteleeria油杉属、Taxodiaceae杉科、Pinus松属 高海拔针叶成分 Abies冷杉属、Picea云杉属、Tsuga铁杉属 热带、亚热带阔叶成分 Quercus-evergreen常绿栎属、Castanopsis/Castanea栲属/栗属、Phyllanthus叶下珠属、Moraceae桑科、Myrica杨梅属、Acanthaceae爵床科、Theaceae山茶科、Rubiaceae茜草科、Sapindaceae无患子科、Hamamelidaceae金缕梅科、Liquidambar枫香树属、Verbenaceae马鞭草科、Ilex冬青属、Euphorbiaceae大戟科、Fagus水青冈属、Oleaceae木犀科、Rutaceae芸香科、Randia山黄皮属、Magnoliaceae木兰科 温带落叶成分 Quercus-decidious落叶栎属、Alnus桤木属、Ulmus榆属、Betula桦木属、Pterocarya枫杨属、Carpinus鹅耳枥属、Corylus榛属、Juglans胡桃属、Tilia椴属、Celtis朴属、Ericaceae杜鹃花科 草本植物 Artemisia蒿属、Chenopodiaceae藜科、Poaceae禾本科、Brassicaceae十字花科、Cyperaceae莎草科、Asteraceae菊科、Thalictrum唐松草属、Polygonaceae蓼科、Myriophyllum狐尾藻属、Typha香蒲属 蕨类 蕨类孢子 Polypodiaceae水龙骨科、Dicranopteris芒萁属、Pteris凤尾蕨属、Selaginella卷柏属、Hicriopteris里白属 藻类 淡水藻类 Concentricystes环纹藻、Pediastrum 盘星藻属 沟鞭藻囊孢 Operculodinium、Selenopemphix、Spiniferites、Tuberculodinium
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表 5 我国东南沿海各期文化遗址信息
Table 5. Information of cultural relics in various stages along the southeast coast of China
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