Structural and sedimentary evolution of passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean and its effects on hydrocarbon accumulation
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摘要:
环印度洋周缘被动陆缘盆地油气资源潜力巨大，是当前世界油气勘探的热点地区之一。本文基于IHS商业数据库和前人研究成果等资料，厘定了环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地构造演化史，分析了构造演化对盆地充填结构和成藏要素的影响，并利用蒙特卡洛模拟法评估了盆地油气资源潜力，优选了有利勘探区带。研究结果表明，环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地经历了3期构造演化阶段，依次为裂前期、同裂谷期和被动陆缘期。根据盆地演化的主导阶段，研究区内被动陆缘盆地可分为拉张边缘裂前发育型、拉张边缘断坳叠置型、拉张边缘坳陷发育型和转换边缘断坳叠置型。盆地内烃源岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘早期，不同地区的主力烃源岩层系不同；储集岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘晚期；区域盖层则主要发育于被动陆缘期。资源评价结果显示，研究区内重点被动陆缘盆地待发现石油、天然气和凝析油可采资源量（均值）分别为4.49×108 t，15.86×1012 m3和5.23×108 t，折合成油当量137.69×108 t。澳大利亚西北陆架北卡那封盆地裂前中—上三叠统区带、东非地区鲁伍马盆地北部和坦桑尼亚盆地南部中白垩统—新近系三角洲-深水扇区带是最有潜力的勘探区带。
Abstract:The passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean have huge exploration potential for oil and gas resources, and they are becoming hotspots for current global oil and gas exploration. With IHS commercial data and previous research results, this study defined the tectonic evolution history of passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean, analyzed the influence of tectonic evolution on filling structure and hydrocarbon accumulation in the basins, evaluated the resource potential by Monte Carlo statistical methodology and predicted favorable exploration zones. The results show that the passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean have experienced three stages of tectonic evolution, which are pre-rift, syn-rift, and passive continental margin stages. According to the dominant stage of evolution, the passive continental margin basins can be divided into four types: extensional marginal pre-rift, extensional marginal fault depression superimposition, extensional marginal depression and transform marginal fault depression superimposition. The source rocks in the passive continental margin basins are mainly developed from the pre-rift to the early passive continental margin stages, and the main source rocks vary by region. Reservoirs are mainly developed between the pre-rift and late passive continental margin stages; regional seals were mainly developed in the passive continental margin stage. The resource evaluation indicates that the undiscovered oil and gas resources (mean value) in the main passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean are 4.49×108 t of oil, 15.86×1012 m3 of natural gas, and 5.23×108 t of condensate, amounting to 137.69×108 t. The pre-rift Middle-Upper Triassic zone in North Carnarvon Basin, Northwest Shelf of Australia, the Middle Cretaceous-Neogene delta-deep water fan zone in northern Ruvuma Basin and southern Tanzania Basin, East Africa, are the most promising exploration zones.
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图 1 中二叠世以来东冈瓦纳大陆板块重塑图（据Reeves et al., 2016修改）
Figure 1.
图 2 环印度洋地区重点被动陆缘盆地不同演化阶段地层对比图（修改自朱伟林等, 2012; IHS, 2015a, 2015b, 2017a, 2017b）
Figure 2.
图 4 环印度洋地区不同演化阶段古地理图（据Cao et al., 2017修改）
Figure 4.
图 8 东非地区被动陆缘晚期沉积相图（据IHS, 2017a修改）
Figure 8.
表 1 环印度洋地区重点被动陆缘盆地石油地质特征一览表（据朱伟林等, 2012; 刘铁树等, 2015; IHS, 2015a, 2015b, 2017a, 2017b; 秦雁群等, 2017; Boote et al., 2019；崔哿等, 2020整理总结）
Table 1. Geological characteristics of oil and gas in main passive continental margin basins around the Indian Ocean
地区 盆地 烃源岩 储集岩 盖层 时代 岩性 TOC/% Ro/% 干酪根类型 时代 岩性 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD 沉积相 岩性 澳大利亚西北陆架 北卡那封 三叠系—
白垩系泥岩、页岩 1.0～5.0 0.3～6.0 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 三叠系—
白垩系砂岩 平均值>25 介于几十
到几百河流-三角洲沉积 泥岩、页岩 布劳斯 侏罗系—
白垩系泥岩、页岩 1.0～2.0 0.5～1.1 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 侏罗系、
白垩系砂岩 河流-三角洲沉积 泥岩、页岩 波拿巴 石炭系—
二叠系、
侏罗系页岩 0.1～13.9 0.35～1.5 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 三叠系—
白垩系砂岩 4.2～7.3 最大不超过
1 000，大多
数小于6河流-三角洲沉积 页岩 东非地区 索马里 二叠系—
古近系泥岩、页岩和碳酸盐岩 0.3～17.4 1.0～1.3 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 石炭系—
二叠系、侏罗系、古近系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩7～19.4 <10 三角洲和深水浊积扇沉积 泥岩、页岩 坦桑尼亚 二叠系—
白垩系碳酸盐岩、
页岩0.2～27 0.50～1.5 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 侏罗系—
新近系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩5～30 最大400 三角洲、浅海相沉积 页岩 鲁伍马 二叠系、侏罗系—古近系 页岩 1.34～12 0.5～2.13 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 二叠系—
新近系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩12～25 20～4 000 三角洲、浅海-深海相沉积 页岩 马任加 三叠系—
白垩系碳酸盐岩、
页岩1.2～7.1 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 石炭系—
白垩系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩三角洲和深水浊积扇沉积 页岩 穆龙达瓦 二叠系—
白垩系泥岩、页岩和碳酸盐岩 0.6～7.65 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 二叠系—
白垩系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩平均值23 100～5 000 三角洲和深水浊积扇沉积 页岩 南亚地区 克里希纳-
戈达瓦里石炭系—
二叠系、白垩系—古近系页岩 1.28～26 0.51～1.46 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 二叠系—
新近系砂岩、
碳酸盐岩9～23 20～10 000 三角洲和深水浊积扇沉积 页岩 孟加拉 古新统—
渐新统页岩 0.2～1.6 约0.65 Ⅱ/Ⅲ 二叠系、渐新统—中新统 砂岩、
碳酸盐岩10～35 5～1 500 三角洲、浅海相沉积 泥岩、页岩 孟买 古新统—
始新统泥岩、页岩 1～2 Ⅰ/Ⅱ 始新统—
中新统砂岩、碳酸盐岩、粉砂岩 14～22 60～370 三角洲、浅海相沉积 页岩 
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