EVOLUTION OF CENOZOIC TETHYS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON INLAND DROUGHT
-
摘要: 特提斯海的演化和消亡过程是新生代全球重大地质事件,对欧亚大陆特别是亚洲内陆干旱环境的形成演化产生了重大决定性影响。简要综述特提斯演化的国际计划,结合我们的研究,对特提斯海演化进展做了梳理。研究发现,特提斯海的演化可简单概括为特提斯海、副特提斯海和特提斯消亡3个演化阶段。中生代末期到新生代早期在欧洲和西亚大部分地区,以及亚洲中部地区和青藏高原南部地区,形成一个东西与新特提斯洋和大西洋相通的内陆海-特提斯海。大约34 Ma以前,特提斯海与大西洋、印度洋和极地海洋相连通,其东部侵入到我国塔里木地区;随着印度大陆与欧亚大陆接近和碰撞,特提斯海从我国塔里木和青藏高原南部退出,约34~32 Ma,统一的特提斯海分割成南部的古地中海和北部以中亚为主体的副特提斯海;之后,主要受全球海平面、构造隆升、地表侵蚀和沉积充填等一级作用的控制,副特提斯海在阶段性萎缩的趋势下经历了多次海面升降、面积变化以及海水通道的开关,其中对环境影响最大的是副特提斯、古地中海和印度洋三者通道的开关,渐新世以来至少发生过4次关闭与重开旋回。特提斯海的演化和消亡,特别是距今约34 Ma特提斯海从塔里木地区的退出,约20 Ma副特提斯海面积的缩小以及在距今7~8 Ma前后特提斯海最后一次与其他大洋通道的关闭和由此导致的海面面积的急剧缩小,可能是导致亚洲内陆逐步干旱和干旱化快速加剧的主要因素。Abstract: The evolution and extinction of the Tethys was a major global geological event in Cenogoic and is one of the decisive influences on the formation and evolution of the arid environment in Eurasia, especially Asia. This paper briefly made a review of the progress of the international Tethys programs,combined with our researches.The evolution of the Tethys can be simply divided into three stages,the Tethys, Paratethys and Tethys extinction.In Late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic, most parts of Europe, Western and Central Asia region and the Southern Tibetan Plateau joined together and formed an inland sea named the Tethys which connected with the Atlantic Ocean to the west and with the Ceno-Tethys to the east. About 34 Ma ago,The Tethys connected with the Atlantic, Indian and Arctic oceans and the most eastern part of it extended into the Tarim area. With the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates,the Tethys retreated from the Southern Tibetan Plateau and the Tarim area. Then the Tethys was separated into the Mediterranean in the south and Paratethys in the north about 34 Ma ago. Under the joint effect of global sea level change, tectonic uplift, surface erosion and sediment filling,the Parathtys experienced a series of eustatic,and area changes and closing and opening of seawater channels, The greatest impact on the environment came from the channel closing-opening of the Paratethys, the ancient Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Since Oligocene there occurred at least four times of close-open cycles. The evolution and extinction of the Tethys especially since the withdraw of Tethys from the Tarim region 34 Ma, the rapid shrinkage of Tethys about 20 Ma and the closing of water channels with other oceans around 7-8 Ma may be the main factors leading to the drying up in Asian inland area.
-
Key words:
- Tethys /
- Cenozoic /
- sea distribution
-
-
[1] Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, et al. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present[J]. Science, 2001, 292(5517):686-693.
[2] Berggren W A, Kent D V, Swisher C C, et al. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy[J]. Geochronology, 1995, 54:129-212.
[3] Rögl F. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene)[J]. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 1998, 99:279-310.
[4] Rögl F. Mediterranean and Paratethys. Facts and hypotheses of an Oligocene to Miocene paleogeography (short overview)[J]. Geologica Carpathica, 1999, 50(4):339-349.
[5] Popov S V, Rögl F, Rozanov A Y, et al. Lithological-Paleogeographic maps of Parathys, 10 Maps Late Eocene to Pliocene[J]. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 2004, 250:1-46.
[6] Steininger F F, Wessely G. From the Tethyan Ocean to the Paratethys Sea:Oligocene to Neogene stratigraphy, paleogeography and paleobiogeography of the circum-Mediterranean region and the Oligocene to Neogene basin evolution in Austria[J]. Mitteilungen der sterreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 2000, 92(1999):95-116.
[7] Schulz H M, Bechtel A, Sachsenhofer R F. The birth of the Paratethys during the Early Oligocene:From Tethys to an ancient Black Sea analogue?[J] Global and Planetary Change, 2005, 49(3-4):163-176.
[8] Ramstein G, Fluteau F, Besse J, et al. Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land-sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years[J]. Nature, 1997, 386(6627):788-795.
[9] Zhang Z, Wang H, Guo Z, et al. What triggers the transition of palaeoenvironmental patterns in China, the Tibetan Plateau uplift or the Paratethys Sea retreat?[J] Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2007, 245(3-4):317-331.
[10] Abels H A, Dupont-Nivet G, Xiao G, et al. Step-wise lithofacies changes preluding the Eocene-Oligocene transition at the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 299:399-412.
[11] Bosboom R E, Dupont-Nivet G, Houben A J, et al. Late Eocene sea retreat from the Tarim Basin (west China) and concomitant Asian paleoenvironmental change[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 299:385-398.
[12] Suess E. Are great ocean depths permanent[J]. Nat. Sci, 1893, 2(13):180-87.
[13] Metcalfe I. The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia:How many?How old?[J]. NEAC Asia Papers, 1999, 1:1-9.
[14] Dercourt J, Ricou L E, Vrielynck B. Atlas Tethys, Paleoenvironmental Maps:Explanatory Notes[M]. Pairs:Gauthier-Villars, 1993.
[15] Yin A, Harrison T M. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 2000, 28(1):211-280.
[16] Magyar I, Geary D H, Müller P. Paleogeographic evolution of the Late Miocene Lake Pannon in Central Europe[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1999, 147:151-167.
[17] Piller W E, Harzhauser M, Mandic O. Miocene Central Paratethys stratigraphy-current status and future directions[J]. Stratigraphy, 2007,(4):151-168.
[18] Rögl F. Stratigraphic correlation of the Paratethys Oligocene and Miocene[J]. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft der Geologie und Bergbaustudenten in Wien, 1996, 41:65-73.
[19] Vasilieva I, Krijgsmana W, Langereis C G, et al. Towards an astrochronological framework for the eastern Paratethys Mio-Pliocene sedimentary sequences of the FocYani basin (Romania)[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2004, (227):231-247.
[20] Schmidt-Kittler N. International Symposium on Mammalian Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of the European Paleogene, Mainz, February 18th-21st, 1987[M]. Munich:Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 1987.
[21] Gradstein F M, Ogg J G, Smith A G. A Geologic Time Scale[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[22] 贾承造,张师本,吴绍祖. 塔里木盆地及周边地层:各地地层总结各分区地层表[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2004.[JIA Chenzao, ZHANG Shiben, WU Shaozu. Stratigraphy of the Tarim Basin and Adjacent Areas[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2004.]
[23] 单金榜, 雍天寿. 应用粒度资料探讨古代砂体的沉积环境[J].新疆石油地质, 1985,(01):23-30.[SHAN Jinbang, YONG Tianshou. Application granularity data explore ancient depositional environments of sand body[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 1985
,(01):23-30.]
[24] 郭宪璞. 新疆克孜勒苏群的沉积环境探讨-兼论塔里木盆地西部白垩系最低海相层位[J]. 地质学报, 1991, 65(02):188-198.
[GUO XianPu. An approach to the depositional of the cretaceous kizilsu group:the lowermost marine horizon of the cretaceous in the Western tarim basin[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1991, 65(02):188-198.]
[25] 郝诒纯,郭宪璞,叶留生. 新疆塔里木盆地西南地区海相白垩系-第三系界线[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 2001.[HAO Yichun, GUO Xianpu, YE Liusheng. Tarim Basin. southwest regional marine Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary[M]. Beijing:Geological, 2001.]
[26] 唐天福. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世至早第三纪海相沉积特征及沉积环境[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1992.[TANG Tianfu. Characteristics and Sedimentary Environments of the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Marine Strata in the Western Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1992.]
[27] 王成善,李祥辉,胡修棉, 等. 特提斯喜马拉雅沉积地质与大陆古海洋学[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 2005.[WANG Chengshan, LI xianghui, HU Xiumian, et al. Tethyan Himalayan sedimentary Geology and continental paleo-oceanography[M]. Beijing:Geological, 2005.]
[28] 万晓樵. 西藏白垩纪浮游有孔虫化石带[J]. 青藏高原地质文集, 1987,(00):112-121.[WAN Xiaoqiao. Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation in Xizang (Tibet)[J]. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, 1987
, (00):112-121.]
[29] 万晓樵. 西藏第三纪有孔虫生物地层及地理环境[J]. 现代地质, 1987,(01):15-47.[WAN Xiaoqiao. Foraminifera Biostratigraphy and Paleogeography of the Tertiary in Tibet[J]. Geoscience, 1987
,(01):15-47.]
[30] 徐钰林,万晓樵,苟宗海, 等. 西藏侏罗纪,白垩纪,第三纪地层[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社, 1989.[XU Yulin, WAN Xiaoqiao, GOU Zonghai, et al. The Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary Biostratigraphical Strata, Xizang(Tibet)[M]. Wuhan:Publishing House of University of Geology of China, 1989.]
[31] Hsü K J, Ryan W B F, Cita M B. Late Miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean[J]. Nature, 1973, 242(5395):240-244.
[32] Hsü K J, Montadert L, Bernoulli D, et al. History of the Mediterranean salinity crisis[J]. Nature, 1977, 267(5610):399-403.
[33] Hsü K J. When the black sea was drained[J]. Scientific American, 1978, 238:53-63.
[34] Krijgsman W, Hilgen F J, Raffi I, et al. Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis[J]. Nature, 1999, 400:652-655.
[35] Ryan W B F. Decoding the Mediterranean salinity crisis[J]. Sedimentology, 2009, 56(1):95-136.
[36] Adams C, Benson R H, Kidd R B, et al. The Messinian salinity crisis and evidence of late Miocene eustatic changes in the world ocean[J]. Nature, 1977, 269(5627):383-386.
[37] Retallack G J. Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and climatic cooling[J]. The Journal of Geology, 2001, 109(4):407-426.
[38] Londeix L, Benzakour M,Suc J P, et al. Messinian palaeoenvironments and hydrology in Sicily(Italy):The dinoflagellate cyst record[J]. Geobios, 2007, 40(3):233-250.
[39] Murphy L N, Kirk-Davidoff D B, Mahowald N, et al. A numerical study of the climate response to lowered Mediterranean Sea level during the Messinian Salinity Crisis[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009, 279(1-2):41-59.
[40] Gaetani M, Dercourte J, Vrielyncke B. The Peri-Tethys Programme:achievements and results[J]. Episodes, 2003, 26(02):79-93.
[41] 雍天寿, 单金榜, 魏景明, 等. 古特提斯海北支塔里木古海湾岩相古地理[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1989.[YONG Tianshou, SHAN Jinbang, WEI Jingming, et al. Facies and palaeogeography of the ancient Tarim Gulf, north branch of the ancient Tethys[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1989.]
[42] 何承全. 新疆塔里木盆地晚白垩世至早第三纪沟鞭藻及其它藻类[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1991.[HE Chen-quan. Western Tarim Basin in Xinjiang Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Ditch Dinoflagellates and Other Algae[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1991.]
[43] 张一勇, 詹家祯. 新疆塔里木盆地西部白垩纪至早第三纪孢粉[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1991.[ZHANG Yiyong, ZHAN Jiazhen, Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Spores and Pollen from the Western Tarim Basin. Xinjiang. China[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1991.]
[44] 潘华璋, 杨胜秋. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世至早第三纪腹足类、海胆和腕足[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1991.[PAN Huazhang, YANG Shengqiu. Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary gastropods, echinoids and brachiopods from the western Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1991.]
[45] 钟石兰. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世至早第三纪钙质超微化石(颗石藻类)[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1992.[ZHONG Shilan. Calcareous nannofossils (Coccolithophores) from the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary in the Western Tarim Basin, South Xinjiang, China[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1991.]
[46] 蓝琇, 魏景明. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世至早第三纪双壳类动物群[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1995.[LAN Xiu, WEI Jingming. Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Marine Bivalve Fauna from the Western Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1995.]
[47] 杨恒仁, 蒋显庭, 林树磐. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世至早第三纪介形类动物群[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1995.[YANG Hengren, JIANG Xianting, LIN Shupan. Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Ostracod Fauna from Western Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1995.]
[48] 郝诒纯, 曾学鲁, 裘松余, 等. 新疆塔里木盆地中新世有孔虫及其地质意义[J]. 中国地质科学院院报, 1982, (00):69-79,81
-82.[HAO Yichun, ZENG Xuelu, QIU Songyu, et al. Miocene foraminifera of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang and their geological significance[J]. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 1982, (00):69-79,81-82.]
[49] 郝诒纯, 曾学鲁. 从有孔虫的特征探讨中新生代西塔里木古海湾的演变[J]. 微体古生物学报, 1984, 1(1):1-16
+106-107.[HAO Yichun, ZEN Xuelu. On the evolution of the west Tarim Gulf from Mesozoic to Cenozoic in terms of characteristics of foraminiferal fauna[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 1984, 1(1):1-16,106-107.]
[50] 郝诒纯, 曾学鲁, 郭宪璞. 新疆塔里木盆地西部海相白垩系及其沉积环境探讨[J]. 地质学报, 1987, (03):205-217.[HAO Yichun, ZENG Xuelu, GUO Xianpu. The marine cretaceous in the Western part of the Tarim basin of Xinjiang and its depositional environments[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1987
, (03):205-217.]
[51] 茅绍智, Norris. 新疆塔里木盆地西部晚白垩世-早第三纪的沟鞭藻及疑源类[J]. 地球科学, 1984, (02):7-22,139
-141.[MAO Shaozhi, Norris G. Dinoflagellate and acritarch stratigraphy (Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary), western Talimu Basin, Xinjiang autonomous region, northwest China[J]. Earth Scince, 1984, (02):7-22,139-141.]
[52] 唐天福, 杨恒仁, 蓝琇, 等. 新疆塔里木盆地西部白垩纪至早第三纪海相地层及含油性[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1989.[TANG Tianfu, YANG Hengren, LAN Xiu, et al. The Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary Marine Strata and Petroleum Geology from the Western Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1989.]
[53] Ritts B D, Yue Y, Graham S A, et al. From sea level to high elevation in 15 million years:Uplift history of the northern Tibetan Plateau margin in the Altun Shan[J]. American Journal of Science, 2008, 308:657-678.
[54] 王鑫. 塔里木盆地西南缘新生代沉积环境演化[D]. 兰州大学, 2012, 177.[WANG Xin. Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the western Tarim Basin[D]. Lanzhou university, 2012, 177.]
[55] Sobel E R, Dumitru T A. Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1997, 102:5043-5063.
[56] Yin A, Rumelhart P E, Butler R, et al. Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2002, 114:1257.
[57] Zheng H, Tada R, Jia J, et al. Cenozoic sediments in the southern Tarim Basin:implications for the uplift of northern Tibet and evolution of the Taklimakan Desert[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2010, 342:67-78.
[58] Sun J, Jiang M. Eocene seawater retreat from the southwest Tarim Basin and implications for early Cenozoic tectonic evolution in the Pamir Plateau[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013, 588:27-38.
[59] 雍天寿. 塔里木盆地化石再沉积[J]. 新疆石油地质, 1983, 2:48.[YONG Tianshou. Tarim Basin fossil redeposition[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 1983, 2
:48.]
[60] 阴家润, 万晓樵. 侏罗纪菊石形态-特提斯喜马拉雅海的深度标志[J]. 古生物学报, 1996, 35(6):734-751.
[YIN Jiarun, WAN Xiaoqiao. Jurassic ammonite morphotypes as wate-depih indicator of Tethys-Himalayasea[J]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 1996, 35(6):734-751.]
[61] Willems H. Sedimentary history of the Tibetan Tethys Himalaya continental shelf in South Tibet (Gamba, Tingri) during upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary (Xizang Autonomous Region, PR China), Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenshaften[J]. Universitat Bremen, 1993, 38:49-183.
[62] 徐钰林,茅绍智. 西藏南部白垩纪-早第三纪钙质超微化石及其形成环境[J]. 微体古生物学报, 1992, 9(4):331-347.
[XU Yulin, MAO Shaozhi. Cretaceous-Early Tertiary calcareous nannofossils from southern Xizang (Tibet) and their sedimentary environment[J]. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 1992, 9(4):331-347.]
[63] 赵文金, 万晓樵. 西藏特提斯演化晚期生物古海洋事件[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 2003.[ZHAO Wenjin, WAN Xiaoqiao. Tibet, the ancient Tethys Ocean Biological Evolution of the Late Events[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 2003.]
[64] 王义刚, 孙东立, 何国雄. 喜马拉雅地区(我国境内)地层研究的新认识[J]. 地层学杂志, 1980, 4(1):55-59.
[WANG Yigang, SUN Dongli, HE Guoxiong. Himalayan region (China) a new understanding of stratigraphic studies[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 1980, 4(1):55-59.]
[65] Willems H, Zhou Z, Zhang B, et al. Stratigraphy of the upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary strata in the Tethyan Himalayayas of Tibet (Tingri area, China)[J]. Geol. Rundsch, 1996, 85:723-754.
[66] 万晓樵. 西藏岗巴地区白垩纪地层及有孔虫动物群[J]. 青藏高原地质文集, 1985, (01):203-227.[WAN Xiaoqiao. Cretaceous Strata and Foraminifera of Gangba Region,Xizang[J]. Contribution to the Geology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, 1985
, (01):203-227.]
[67] 张克信,王国灿,骆满生. 青藏高原新生代构造岩相古地理演化及其对构造隆升的响应[J]. 地球科学:中国地质大学学报, 2010, 35(5):697-712.
[ZHANG Kexin, WANG Guocan, LUO Mansheng. Evolution of Tectonic Lithofacies Paleogeography of Cenozoic of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Uplift of the Plateau[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2010, 35(5):697-712.]
[68] 李祥辉, 包向农. 海平面变化成因及其盆地响应[J]. 地球科学进展, 2000, 01:71-75.[LI Xianghui, BAO Xiangnong. Responses Of Sedimentary Basin To Sea-Level Changes[J]. Advance in Earth Science, 2000
, 01:71-75.]
[69] 徐钰林. 西藏南部早第三纪钙质超微化石及东特提斯在西藏境内的封闭时限[J]. 现代地质, 2000, 03:255-262+385
-386.[XU Yulin. Early Tertiary Calcareous Nannofossils Form Southern Tibet and the Closing Time Of East Tethys In Tibet[J]. Geoscience, 2000, 03:255-262,385-386.]
[70] 王福同. 新疆维吾尔自治区古地理及地质生态图集[M]. 北京:中国地图出版社, 2006.[WANG Futong. The palaeogeographic and geo-ecological atlas of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region[M]. Beijing:China Cartographic Publishing House, 2006.]
[71] 郭宪璞, 丁孝忠. 塔里木盆地中新生代海侵和海相地层研究的新进展[J]. 地质学报, 2002, 76(03):299-307.
[GUO Xianpu, DING Xiaozhong. New progress in the study of Marine Transgressional Events and Marine Strata of the Meso-Cenozoic in the Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2002, 76(003):299-307.]
[72] 张师本. 塔里木盆地周缘地层考察指南[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社, 2003.[ZHANG Shiben. A guide to the stratigraphic investigation on the periphery of the Tarim Basin[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 2003.]
[73] Horton B K, Yin A, Spurlin M S, et al. Paleocene-Eocene syncontractional sedimentation in narrow, lacustrine-dominated basins of east-central Tibet[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2002, 114(7):771-786.
[74] Kapp P, Yin A, Harrison T M, et al. Cretaceous-Tertiary shortening, basin development, and volcanism in central Tibet[J]. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 2005, 117(7-8):865-878.
[75] Akhmetiev M A, Beniamovski V N. Paleogene floral assemblages around epicontinental seas andstraits in Northern Central Eurasia:proxies for climatic and paleogeographic evolution[J]. Geologica Acta, 2009, 7(1):297-309.
[76] Gekker R F, Ossipova A I, Belskaya T N, et al. Fergana Gulf of Paleogene Sea of Central Asia, its History, Sediments, Fauna, and Flora, their Environment and Evolution[J]. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1963, 47(4):617-631.
[77] Burtman V S, Molnar P. Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir[J]. Geological Society of America,1993, 281:0-76.
[78] Burtman V S. Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene[J]. Tectonophysics, 2000, 319(2):69-92.
[79] Hamburger M W, Sarewitz D R, Pavlis T L, et al. Structural and seismic evidence for intracontinental subduction in the Peter the First Range, central Asia[J]. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 1992, 104(4):397-408.
[80] Coutand I, Strecker M R, Arrowsmith J R, et al. Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai valley (Pamir-Tien Shan region, central Asia):an example of intracontinental deformation due to the Indo-Eurasia collision[J]. Tectonics, 2002, 21(6):1053.
-
计量
- 文章访问数: 1940
- PDF下载数: 14
- 施引文献: 0
下载: