铜造锍熔炼过程重金属烟尘特性及结瘤控制技术进展

谭少松; 马帅; 樊友奇; 朱金鑫; 陈世梁

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6532.2023.02.024

铜造锍熔炼过程重金属烟尘特性及结瘤控制技术进展

1.
安徽工业大学冶金工程学院，安徽　马鞍山　243002

2.
安徽工业大学冶金减排与资源综合利用教育部重点实验室，安徽　马鞍山　243002

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（51404004）

详细信息

作者简介: 谭少松（1996-），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为火法冶金烟尘形成与结瘤控制

通讯作者: 樊友奇（1981-），男，博士，副教授，研究方向为火法冶金过程理论基础及技术研究

中图分类号: TD982;TF811

收稿日期: 2021-01-25

刊出日期: 2023-04-25

Characteristics of Heavy Metal Dusts in the Copper Matte Smelting Process and Progress in Accerations Control Technology

1.
School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology Ma’anshan, Anhui, China

2.
Anhui University of Technology , Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction and Comprehensive Utilization of Ministry of Education, Ma’anshan, Anhui, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Fan Youqi, fanyouqi@163.com

Received Date: 25 January 2021

Publish Date: 25 April 2023

摘要

摘要:
造锍熔炼作为火法炼铜的核心工序之一，其处理过程产生携带有大量含Cu、Pb、Zn、As等有害重金属烟尘及高SO₂浓度的高温烟气。工业上，受烟气系统各部位温度场和气氛改变的影响，烟尘性质会逐渐变化，并在重力和静电场作用下与烟气逐步分离。部分高温烟尘会粘附于上升烟道和余热锅炉内壁或换热管上，形成坚硬的结瘤物，造成锅炉换热效率降低、气流通道口截面减小等问题，增加了有害重金属烟尘的环境污染风险及连续化生产成本。因此，研究铜冶炼过程烟尘排放特性及粘结行为，开发新型烟尘结瘤控制技术成为行业关注的焦点。本文综述了不同铜冶炼工艺中烟气处理系统各个阶段的烟尘及结瘤物物性特征，归纳解析其成分、物相变化规律及结瘤形成机理，对比分析了工业上现有结瘤控制技术现状，并做出评述及提出相关建议。
- 铜造锍熔炼 /
- 烟尘 /
- 重金属 /
- 结瘤
Abstract:
As one of the core technologies for copper smelting, matte smelting produces high-temperature flue gas with high SO₂ concentration during the smelting process, which carries a large amount of dusts containing Cu, Pb, Zn, As and other harmful heavy metals. In industry, with the change of temperature and atmosphere in different parts of the flue gas system, the properties of the flue gas will hange gradually, and it will be separated from the flue gas gradually under the action of gravity and static electric field. However, some dust adhesion at high temperatures to rise and waste heat boiler flue wall or on the heat exchange tube, forming solid accerations, result in the boiler in thermal efficiency is lower, the gas flow crossing section decreases and increasing the risk of a harmful dust pollution of heavy metals. Therefore, studying the characteristics of copper smelting and the bonding behavior, accerations development of control technology has become the focus of the industry. The paper intends to compare and analyze the dust and accerations substance physical characteristics in different stages of the flue gas treatment system in different copper smelting processes by sorting out existing research work, and conclude and analyze the laws of composition phase change and accerations substance formation mechanism. At the same time, the progress of accerations control technology in industry is compared and reviewed, and some suggestions are put forward.
- Copper matte smelting process /
- Dusts /
- Heavy metals /
- Accerations

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图 1 烟气净化系统烟尘的化学成分变化规律

Figure 1.

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图 2 烟气系统不同部位的结瘤物物相特点

Figure 2.

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图 3 烟尘结瘤物降温过程结晶路径 ^[29]

Figure 3.

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表 1 烟气净化系统烟尘典型化学组成/ %

Table 1. Chemical compositions of dusts in flue gas cleaning system

冶炼厂	炉型	位置	Cu	Fe	Pb	Zn	As	S	SiO₂	参考文献
Kosaka	闪速炉	上升烟道	10-20	31-42	2-3	7-9	/	6-9	4-7	[12]
		余热锅炉	18-21	22-25	8-12	8-9		7-9	3-4
		静电除尘器	12-14	10-12	15-19	9-14		9-10	1-1.5
Kosaka		余热锅炉	12.6	11.6	15.9	7.9	1.7	9.0	/	[12]
Kosaka		静电除尘器	10.2	8.9	21.6	2.7	9.3		/	[12]
Kennecott		静电除尘器	28.7	19.9	0.8	0.9	1.7	7.4	8.4	[12]
Bulgarian		余热锅炉	22-26	18-30	0.1-2.1	0.5-4.4	/	3-14	8-12	[13]
A冶炼厂		余热锅炉	23.8	24.8	6.1	3.3	/	10.8	9.9	[14]
阳谷祥光		余热锅炉	29.2	18.3	3.6	2.8	2.5	15.8	/	[15]
阳谷祥光		静电除尘器	25.6	16.6	2.9	3.3	4.2	15.9	/	[15]
江西贵溪		余热锅炉	17.4	13.7	0.3	4.7	4.1	10.5	4.1	[16]
Naoshima	三菱炉	余热锅炉	44.1	7.1	3.4	2.0	1.7	/	/	[17]
Naoshima		静电除尘器	14	3	10	4	2.7	/	/	[17]
Kidd Creek		静电除尘器	10.6	6.0	26.2	21.3	1.8	/	/	[13]
国内B冶炼厂	底吹炉	余热锅炉	27.7	15.2	5.4	2.6	7.9	13.6	/	[15]
国内B冶炼厂		静电除尘器	19.7	2.2	12.2	2.2	14.3	14.1	/	[15]
中原黄金		余热锅炉	33.4	2.9	3.1	1.1	/	14.6	1.5	[18]
注：“/”表示文献中未提及

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表 2 不同位置烟尘的物相组成

Table 2. Phase composition of dusts at different positions

冶炼厂	炉型	上升烟道	余热锅炉	静电除尘器	参考文献
Kosaka	闪速炉	Cu₂S、ZnO、Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄	PbS、CuFe₂O₄、Fe₃O₄	PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄、Fe₃O₄	[12]
Kennecott	闪速炉	/	/	PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄	[12]
Kidd creek	三菱炉	/	Cu₂O、CuFe₂O₄、PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄	PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄	[12]
Naoshima	三菱炉	PbS、Cu₂S	Cu₂S、Cu₂SO₄、CuFe₂O₄	PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄	[17]
Ashio	闪速炉	/	As₂O₅、Cu₂S、PbS、Cu₂SO₄、Fe₃O₄	/	[19]
Noranda	诺兰达炉	/	/	PbSO₄、ZnSO₄、Cu₂SO₄、Fe₃O₄	[20]
注：“/”表示文献中未提及

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