Development Status of Research and Application of Attapulgite
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摘要:
这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。凹凸棒石是一种利用价值较高的重要矿产资源，广泛应用于农业、环境、材料、化工、生物、催化等领域，在我国储量丰富，有较好的开发前景。目前对凹凸棒石的利用率还较低，大量的凹凸棒石并未被有效开发。本文对国内外凹凸棒石分离提纯与应用现状进行了分析与总结，简述了凹凸棒石的矿物学特征与晶体结构特性；总结了凹凸棒石的成因类型，资源分布，矿产储量，矿石类型，理化性质；归纳了凹凸棒石分离与提纯的研究现状，凹凸棒石表面改性的方法与研究进展，凹凸棒石在矿物功能材料方面的应用状况，在当前研究内容的基础上，分析目前研究过程中出现的问题，提出凹凸棒石研究与应用的新思路与方向。
Abstract:This is an article in the field of ceramics and composites. Attapulgite is an important mineral resource with high utilization value. It is widely used in agriculture, environment, materials, chemical industry, biology, catalysis and other fields. It has abundant reserves in China and has good development prospects. At present, the utilization rate of attapulgite is still low, and a large number of attapulgite has not been effectively developed. This article analyzes and summarizes the current situation of separation, purification and application of attapulgite domestic and abroad.The mineralogical characteristics and crystal structure characteristics of attapulgiteare briefly described. The genetic types, resource distribution, mineral reserves, and ore types and physical and chemical properties of attapulgite are summarized. The current research status of attapulgite separation and purification, the methods and research progress of attapulgite surface modification, the application status of attapulgite in mineral functional materials are inductively described. Based on the current research content, the problems that appeared in the research process are analyzed and new ideas and directions for the research and application of attapulgite are proposed.
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表 1 凹凸棒石矿床成因类型
Table 1. Genetic types of attapulgite deposits
类型 亚型 特性 矿床（点）分布 沉积型 内陆湖泊火山沉积亚型 多产自火山喷发间歇期的黏土沉积层，凹凸棒石黏土呈土状，含量较高 江苏盱眙，安徽明光 内陆湖泊碎屑沉积亚型 一般在古老变质岩、白垩系或第三系内陆湖泊碎屑沉积岩系，岩层的含矿层厚度不一，凹凸棒石厚度大，分布广，含量较低（<30%) 山西天镇，甘肃白银，河北阳原，内蒙察右前旗、杭锦旗 内陆湖泊化学沉积亚型 含矿层主要有碳酸盐岩(白云石、石膏)与碎屑岩组成。矿石主要由黏土矿物（伊利石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石）、碳酸盐矿物、少量碎屑物（石英、长石）组成 青海西宁，甘肃天水，湖北江汉、随州 海相沉积亚型 含矿层位稳定，矿体呈层状、似层状。矿物由滑石、海泡石、凹凸棒石、方解石、石英等组成，海泡石与凹凸棒石的含量较低 湖南浏阳，江西萍乐 热液型 岩浆热液亚型 火山岩主要为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩，经热液直接或转化形成纤维状凹凸棒石黏土矿床，伴生矿物通常为高岭土 江苏濮阳，安徽全椒，山东青岛 地下水热液亚型 由雨水下渗、热卤水、地下水等成矿作用形成，一般呈脉状、似层状，凹凸棒石含量高，规模小 四川绵竹 构造动力变质热液亚型 凹凸棒石在断裂和裂隙中生成，形成凹凸棒石脉或断层岩；矿物组成主要为凹凸棒石、钠长石和石英 安徽肥东 混和热液亚型 由两种或两种以上热液混合形成的热液类型；有囊状、脉状、似层状三种含凹凸棒石矿体，其中囊状含矿体最具经济价值 贵州大方，重庆奉节，四川珙县 风化型 风化淋滤亚型 由富含MgO、SiO2、Al2O3、CaO和Fe2O3等成矿物质的岩石经风化淋滤作用而转入成矿溶液，在低温、低压和碱性的条件下沉积形成；凹凸棒石均由蒙脱石转化形成 江苏盱眙，安徽明光，贵州西南，安徽广德 风化残积亚型 矿体呈似层状、脉状、囊状，分布广泛，规模较小，矿石种类较多，含量变化较大，是干旱和半干旱土壤的典型代表 江苏六合，贵州大方 
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表 2 凹凸棒石的改性方法
Table 2. Modification methods of attapulgite
改性方法 主要原理 应用方向 热处理 凹凸棒石在受热后会依次失去其吸附水、沸石水、结晶水、结构水，比表面积增大，纳米孔道孔径增大，提高其吸附性能 填充材料、热处理加工等 酸改性 凹凸棒石在酸处理后，其层链结构中的阳离子被置换；八面体片中阳离子溶出，被氢离子取代；产生许多断键，使其比表面积增大，活性增强 水处理、脱色剂等 碱改性 碱处理会改变凹凸棒石的晶相结构，使其发生结构转变；金属阳离子被腐蚀，凹凸棒石表面负电荷增加、负电性增强，活性位点增加；纳米孔道变宽，比表面积增加 水处理、离子吸附等 盐改性 凹凸棒石在盐处理后，可交换阳离子增加，矿物表面带电性改变，内部纳米孔道增加，吸附性增强 水处理、离子吸附、土壤净化等 联合改性 联合使用酸、碱、盐等改性方法，提高凹凸棒石的吸附性能 水处理、载体材料、土壤净化等 有机改性 凹凸棒石在有机处理后，会在其表面形成一层有机单分子层，使其具有有机无机双重性质，其亲水亲油性会发生改变，提高应用范围 表面活性剂、偶联剂等
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