Metallogenic Characteristics of Tungsten, Tin, and Rare Metal Deposits in the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt
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摘要: 江南造山带是世界上重要的钨锡稀有金属成矿带之一，发育矽卡岩型钨/锡矿、细脉浸染型钨矿、石英脉型黑钨矿/白钨矿、电气石-石英脉型锡矿、云英岩型钨/锡矿和花岗岩-伟晶岩型铌钽矿床，成矿时代包括新元古代、加里东期、印支期和燕山期。依据成矿元素组合，可将成矿花岗岩划分为W-Mo、W、Sn和Nb-Ta花岗岩，其演化程度和地球化学特征显示出明显差异，铌钽矿化发生在极端分异的钠长石花岗岩中。不同时代、不同类型的成矿花岗岩可能来自不同源区的部分熔融，江南造山带可能存在多个稀有金属富集的源区。成矿物质和成矿流体主要源自花岗质岩浆，岩浆分异演化促进了成矿元素在熔体中的富集。铌钽矿主要为岩浆成因，叠加热液矿化，钨锡矿主要通过流体充填和交代作用形成。Abstract: The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is an important tungsten, tin, and rare metal metallogenic belt in the world. Skarn tungsten-tin deposits, veinlet-disseminated tungsten deposits, quartz-vein wolframite/scheelite deposits, tourmaline-quartz vein tin deposits, greisen tungsten-tin deposits, and granite-pegmatite niobium-tantalum deposits are developed in this belt. Four metallogenic epochs including Neoproterozoic, Caledonian, Indosinian, and Yanshanian have been identified. The ore-bearing granites can be divided into W-Mo, W, Sn, and Nb-Ta granites based on the metallogenic element assemblages, and their evolution degree and geochemical characteristics show significant differences. Nb-Ta mineralization occurs in the extremely differentiated albite granite. The ore-bearing granites with different ages and types are likely to have been derived from partial melting of sources. The ore-forming materials and fluids mainly originate from the granitic melts, where the magmatic fractionation facilitates the enrichment of ore elements in the melts. The Nb-Ta deposits are primarily of magmatic origin and subordinately overprinted by hydrothermal mineralization, while the W and Sn deposits are dominantly formed through fluid filling and metasomatism.
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